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anatomy > Neural Integration/Neural Processing. > Flashcards

Neural Integration/Neural Processing. Flashcards

1
Q

What is sensory reception often compared to?

A

A relay race :)

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2
Q

What is the simplest form of information processing?

A

Whether or not an action potential is generated or not.

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3
Q

A change in ________ ________ that determines whether or not action potentials are generated.

A

Transmembrane Potential.

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4
Q

Charge (voltage) difference between the _____ and ______ of a cell is due to separation in voltage.

A

Inside, Outside.

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5
Q

If there is a large enough difference in _____ between the inside and outside of the cell this can generate an ______ _______.

A

Difference, Action potential.

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6
Q

An action potential is then _____ if the threshold is reached.

A

Propagated.

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7
Q

Name the neuron/cell that “sends” the action potential.

A

Pre-synaptic cell.

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8
Q

The ______ is how neurons can communicate with one another.

A

Synapse.

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9
Q

The Post-synaptic cell is the _______ cell.

A

Receiving.

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10
Q

How are Excitatory and Inhibitory stimuli integrated?

A

Through Interaction between Post-synaptic potentials.

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11
Q

______ potentials are very rapid and considered as ___________.

A

Post-synaptic, instantaneous.

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12
Q

The interaction between post-synaptic potentials is the simplest level of ________ _______ in the nervous system.

A

Information Processing.

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13
Q

What are postsynaptic potentials?

A

Graded potentials that develop in the postsynaptic membrane in response to a neurotransmitter.

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14
Q

Name the two types of postsynaptic potentials.

A
  • Excitatory Postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

- Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)

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15
Q

Describe an Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP).

A

The graded depolarization of a postsynaptic membrane.

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16
Q

The Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP) is the graded ________ of the postsynaptic membrane.

A

Hyperpolarization.

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17
Q

Depolarisation is when the cell becomes ____ negative.

A

Less.

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18
Q

Hyperpolarization is when the cell becomes ____ negative.

A

More.

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19
Q

The axons of many pre-synaptic neurons feed into the _______ of one _______ neuron via _______.

A

Dendrites, Post-synaptic, synapses.

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20
Q

Where does the “decision” whether or not to propagate the action potential along the axon take place?

A

It takes place in a region of the cell body called the axon hillock.

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21
Q

The decision in the axon _____ is achieved through the ____ of incoming ________.

A

Hillock, summation, impulses.

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22
Q

If the total impulse reaches threshold, what happens?

A

The post-synaptic neuron depolarizes and the action potential is propagated.

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23
Q

If the sum doesn’t reach the _____, the action potential wont be propagated.

A

Threshold.

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24
Q

What are the two main methods of summation?

A

Temporal and Spatial.

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25
Q

What is the other term used for summation?

A

Integration.

26
Q

The 2 basic integration mechanisms are ____ summation and ______ summation.

A

Spatial, Temporal.

27
Q

Define Spatial Summation.

A

Integration of simultaneous synaptic currents by a neuron. (adding together at same time).

28
Q

Define Temporal Summation.

A

Summation of synaptic potentials over time. (adding together, but building up over time).

29
Q

What is the characteristic of Temporal Summation?

A

Rapid, repeated (stimulus arrives multiple times) stimuli at one synapse until threshold reached.

30
Q

Spatial summation occurs when sources of stimulation arrive _____ but at different ______.

A

Simultaneously, locations.

31
Q

What is the characteristic of Spatial Summation?

A

Many stimuli, arrive at multiple synapses at the same time.

32
Q

In spatial summation, local ______ spread the ______ effects and areas of _____ experience the ______ effect.

A

Currents, depolarizing, overlap, combined.

33
Q

What are neurons currently under the influence of?

A

Background Synaptic Activity.

34
Q

Background activity changes therefore can influence what?

A

It can influence Neuronal excitability.

35
Q

What does increased excitatory drive result in?

A

Greater Excitability (Facilitation).

36
Q

What does increased inhibitory drive result in?

A

Decreased Excitability (inhibition).

37
Q

What do neurotransmitter chemicals cause?

A

Post-Synaptic Potentials.

38
Q

Postsynaptic potentials can either be _____ resulting in an EPSP or _________ resulting in an IPSP.`

A

Depolarizing, Hyperpolarizing.

39
Q

When one neuron divides into splits/branches into several neurons in order to spread stimulation, what is this known as?

A

Divergence.

40
Q

What is convergence?

A

When several neurons become one, providing input to a single neuron from multiple sources.

41
Q

______ processing is a mechanism in which the neurons work sequentially.

A

Serial.

42
Q

Parallel processing is a mechanism in which neurons process the same information ________.

A

Simultaneously.

43
Q

What is the name of a positive feedback mechanism of neurons?

A

Reverberation.

44
Q

Name this-
Synaptic Junction between an axon terminal of 1 neuron and either the initial axon segment or an axon terminal of another neuron/nerve cell.

A

Axoaxonic Synapse.

45
Q

Define Presynaptic Inhibition.

A

The action of an Axoaxonic synapse at a synaptic terminal that decreases the neurotransmitter released by the presynaptic membrane.

46
Q

Name this-
The action of an Axoaxonic synapse at a synaptic terminal that increases the neurotransmitter released by the presynaptic membrane.

A

Presynaptic facilitation.

47
Q

What does Presynaptic Inhibition, inhibit?

A

It inhibits the opening of voltage-regulated calcium channels reducing the amount of neurotransmitter released.

48
Q

The release of GABA can _____ _____ channels.

A

Inactivate Calcium.

49
Q

In presynaptic facilitation, the ___ potential arrives which opens the ____ channels, then more of the _______ are released which has an increased effect on the ______ membrane.

A

Action, Calcium, Neurotransmitters. Postsynaptic.

50
Q

Serotonin causes ___ neurotransmitters to be released.

A

More.

51
Q

The neurotransmitters released at a _____ may have either ______ or ________ effects.

A

Synapse, excitatory, inhibitory.

52
Q

The effect on the axon’s initial _____ reflects a _____ of the stimuli that arrive at any moment.

A

Segment, Summation.

53
Q

What is the frequency of generation of action potentials an indication of?

A

The degree of sustained depolarization at the axon hillock.

54
Q

_______ contribute to volume transmission.

A

Neuromodulators.

55
Q

When neuromodulators are released they act ____ on many ____ changing their _________ properties.

A

Locally, Neurons, Input/Output.

56
Q

How do psychoactive drugs affect the brain/personality?

A

By either increasing or decreasing postsynaptic transmission.

57
Q

What do Excitatory drugs do?

A

Increase Synaptic transmissions.

58
Q

Excitatory drugs include many ______ drugs. eg. ______ and ________.

A

Stimulant, Nicotine, Cocaine.

59
Q

What do Inhibitory drugs do?

A

They decrease synaptic transmission.

60
Q

Inhibitory drugs include many ____ drugs. Name an example.

A

Depressant, Alcohol.

61
Q

The release of what makes us feel good when we take drugs?

A

Dopamine.

62
Q

Inhibitory drugs increase _____ of postsynaptic neurons whereas Excitatory drugs increase _______ of postsynaptic neurons.

A

Hyperpolarization, Depolarization.

anatomy (31 decks)

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