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anatomy > Breathing and Gas Exchange. > Flashcards

Breathing and Gas Exchange. Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory Bronchioles are connected to alveoli along ______ _______.

A

Alveolar Ducts.

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2
Q

Where do alveolar ducts end?

A

At alveolar sacs.

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3
Q

Each alveolus has an extensive network of ____ and is surrounded by elastic fibres.

A

Capillaries.

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4
Q

What is found around bronchioles?

A

Smooth Muscle.

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5
Q

What is the smooth muscle around the bronchioles regulated by?

A

It’s regulated by Autonomic Nervous System (ANS).

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6
Q

How does the ANS regulate the smooth muscles around the bronchioles?

A
  • It controls the diameter of the bronchioles

- It controls the airflow and resistance in the lungs.

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7
Q

________ is caused by sympathetic ANS Activation.

A

Bronchodilation.

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8
Q

What does bronchodilation do?

A

It reduces resistance.

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9
Q

What is Bronchoconstriction caused by?

A

Parasympathetic ANS Activation.

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10
Q

In Bronchoconstriction what is released?

A

Histamine.

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11
Q

_______ increases resistance in the lungs and is often caused by having an allergic reaction.

A

Bronchoconstriction.

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12
Q

What condition results from excessive stimulation (with sensitive and swollen airways) and bronchoconstriction (severely restricting airflow)?

A

Asthma.

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13
Q

Allergens and Irritants are triggers of ________.

A

Asthma.

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14
Q

Name some examples that would restrict airflow.

A
  • Narrowed Airway
  • Tightened Muscles
  • Inflamed/thickened airway wall
  • Excessive mucous.
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15
Q

What is the respiratory membrane?

A

The thin membrane of alveoli across which gas exchange takes place.

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16
Q

The _____ membrane; where gas exchange takes place, has 3 layers.

A

Respiratory

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17
Q

Name the 3 layers of the respiratory membrane.

A
  1. Squamous Epithelial Cells
  2. Endothelial Cells
  3. Fused basement membranes.
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18
Q

What do the squamous epithelial cells line?

A

The alveolus.

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19
Q

In the respiratory membrane, what do the endothelial cells line?

A

They line an adjacent capillary .

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20
Q

Where is the Fused Basement Membranes Layer found?

A

Between the alveolar and endothelial cells.

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21
Q

Is the respiratory membrane thick or thin?

A

Very Thin (for gas exchange).

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22
Q

What occurs across the respiratory membrane?

A

Diffusion/ Gas Exchange.

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23
Q

A network of what surrounds each alveolus?

A

A network of Capillaries.

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24
Q

A capillary network surrounds each _____, as part of the _________ membrane.

A

Alveolus, Respiratory.

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25
Q

Why is diffusion across the respiratory membrane very rapid?

A
  • The distance is very short

- Gases (O2 and CO2) are lipid soluble

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26
Q

What is Pneumonia?

A

Inflammation of the lobules.

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27
Q

What does Pneumonia (inflammation of the lobules) cause?

A
  • Causes fluid to leak into alveoli

- This compromises the function of the respiratory membrane.

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28
Q

Where do the respiratory exchange surfaces in the lungs receive blood from?

A

The arteries of the Pulmonary circuit.

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29
Q

Blood from the alveolar ______ passes through the Pulmonary venules and _____, and returns to where?

A

Capillaries. Veins. Returns to the left atrium.

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30
Q

All processes involved in exchanging 02 and CO2 with the environment is known as _____ respiration.

A

External.

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31
Q

______ respiration is the result of cellular respiration and involves the uptake of 02 and production of CO2 within individual cells.

A

Internal.

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32
Q

What is the fancy word for breathing?

A

Pulmonary Ventilation.

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33
Q

In external respiration, where does gas diffusion occur?

A

Across the respiratory membrane (from the alveoli to the capillaries).

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34
Q

In respiration, what 2 gases are exchanged?

A

O2 and CO2.

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35
Q

There is _____ transport between:

  • alveolar capillaries
  • capillary beds in other tissues.
A

Gas.

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36
Q

What does pulmonary (minute) ventilation refer to?

A

The volume of gas moved in and out of the lungs per minute.

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37
Q

What is ventilation measured in?

A

Litres per minute.

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38
Q

What is ventilation the product of?

A

The number of breaths per minute and the volume of each breath.

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39
Q

At rest, only two thirds of the volume of air breathed in reaches the _____ and is available for ____ _________.

A

Alveoli, Gas Exchange.

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40
Q

Only _______ of the respiratory minute ventilation volume reaches the _____ surfaces.

A

Two-thirds, alveolar.

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41
Q

______ ventilation refers to the portion of the minute ventilation that mixes with the air in the alveolar chambers.

A

Alveolar.

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42
Q

What is the volume of air remaining in conducting passages known as?

A

Anatomical Dead Space.

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43
Q

Define Alveolar Ventiation.

A

The amount of air reaching alveoli each minute.

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44
Q

With each breath, a proportion of the ______ air does not enter the ________.

A

Inspired, Alveoli.

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45
Q

What is the anatomical dead space?

A

The portion of inspired that remains in conducting passages (nose etc.) that doesn’t reach the alveoli.

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46
Q

How much of the resting tidal volume does anatomical dead space typically represent?

A

Around 30%.

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47
Q

Alveolar Ventilation is really important, what does it prevent?

A

It prevents drastic changes in alveolar air composition.

This maintains a relative consistency in arterial blood gases throughout the breathing cycle.

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48
Q

What enables us to assess static and dynamic lung volumes?

A

Spirometry.

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49
Q

What is Tidal Volume (Vt)?

A

The volume inspired and expired per breath (eg. 500/500ml).

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50
Q

The _____ ______ _______ is the volume in lungs after maximum inspiration.

A

Total Lung Capacity/Total Lung Volume.

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51
Q

What is the residual lung volume?

A

The Volume in lungs after maximum expiration.

52
Q

What is the total lung capacity in males?

A

6000 mL (6 litres)

53
Q

What is the total lung capacity in females?

A

4200 mL (4.2 litres)

54
Q

The ______ ______ _______ is 1200 for males and 1100 for females.

A

Residual Lung Volume.

55
Q

What is Inspiratory Capacity?

A

The maximum volume inspired after tidal expiration.

56
Q

_____ ______ capacity describes the maximum volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs.

A

Forced Vital.

57
Q

What volume is often stated as a percentage of Forced Vital Capacity, reflecting respiratory power and overall resistance to air movement in the lungs?

A

Forced Expiratory Volume (think “in the first second”/asthma test).

58
Q

Heavy Exercise ______ breathing rate.

A

Increases.

59
Q

Apart from breathing rate, what else does heavy breathing increase?

A

Tidal Volume and Minute Ventilation.

60
Q

Even during heavy exercise, _____ _____ rarely exceeds 60-65% of lung capacity.

A

Tidal Volume.

61
Q

What testing do we use to diagnose cardiovascular and pulmonary conditions?

A

Cardiopulmonary Health Tests.

62
Q

When is it best to perform Cardiopulmonary Health Tests?

A

When the system is at stressed (eg. not at rest), therefore it is best to perform this test during exercise.

63
Q

The net rate of gas diffusion across the membrane obeys what law?

A

Fick’s Law.

64
Q

The net rate of gas diffusion across the membrane obeys Fick’s Law, and depends on the _____ _____ between the two sides of the _____ _____ and the _____ ______ of the membrane.

A

Pressure Difference, respiratory membrane, diffusion capacity.

65
Q

The rate of transport of a gas from alveolar air ______ with increased surface area.

A

Increases.

66
Q

The rate of transport of a gas from alveolar air increases with the molecule’s ______/_____.

A

Diffusivity/Solubility.

67
Q

The thicker the membrane the ____ the rate of transport.

A

Slower.

68
Q

What does the body’s oxygen supply depend on?

A

The oxygen concentration in ambient air and its pressure.

69
Q

In physiology, we refer to the Partial Pressure of the individual gases, computed as what?

A

% concentration x total pressure of gas mixture.

70
Q

What determines different partial pressures and solubilities?

A

Direction and rate of diffusion of gases across the respiratory membrane.

71
Q

What does “Low P O2” mean?

A

Low partial pressure of oxygen.

72
Q

What are the partial pressures of blood arriving in pulmonary arteries at the site of gas exchange?

A

Low P O2

High P CO2

73
Q

The concentration gradient between the alveolar capillaries and alveolar air causes what?

A

O2 to enter blood.

CO2 to leave the blood.

74
Q

Rapid exchange of gases allows what?

A

Blood and alveolar air to reach equilibrium.

75
Q

The newly oxygenated blood mixes with deoxygenated blood from conducting passageways, what does this do?

A

Lowers the partial pressure of O2 in blood, entering the systemic circuit.

76
Q

In the systemic circuit, where does 02 diffuse from and to?

A

It diffuses from peripheral capillaries (high 02 conc) into intertestital fluid (low O2 conc).

77
Q

Amount of O2 released (from peripheral capillaries) depends on what?

A

Interstitial P 02.

78
Q

The concentration gradient in peripheral capillaries is the ________ of the lungs. CO2 diffuses ____ blood and 02 diffuses _____ blood.

A

Opposite. Into, Out of.

79
Q

Blood from tissues goes to the ______ capillary, this blood has more _____ than _____.

A

Pulmonary, CO2, O2.

80
Q

Blood to tissues goes from the _______ capillary, it has a higher concentration of _____ than _____.

A

Pulmonary, O2 CO2.

81
Q

There is a large _____ difference in 02 _____-______ gradient.

A

Pressure, Alveolus-Capillary.

82
Q

What guarantees the diffusion of CO2?

A

The solubility of CO2 in blood plasma is about 25 times higher than O2.

83
Q

The blood plasma alone can’t transport enough O2 or CO2 to meet psychological needs. What structure is involved in transport?

A

Red blood cells.

84
Q

Where to red blood cells transport O2 to/ CO2 from?

A

Transport O2 to peripheral tissues and CO2 from the peripheral tissues.

85
Q

Red blood cells remove O2 and CO2 from _____, what does this allow?

A

Plasma, Allows gases to diffuse into blood.

86
Q

What does 02 bind to?

A

It binds to iron ions in haemoglobin molecules.

87
Q

The binding of O2 to haemoglobin is a _____ reaction.

A

Reversible.

88
Q

How many O2 molecules can bind to 1 haemoglobin unit?

A

4.

89
Q

When oxygen is bound to haemoglobin, what is this known as?

A

Oxyhaemoglobin.

90
Q

98 % of O2 is bound to ______ for transport in blood.

A

Haemoglobin.

91
Q

What is deoxyhaemoglobin?

A

Haemoglobin with no O2 Bound to it.

92
Q

The fraction of haemoglobin in the form of oxyhaemoglobin is expressed as the ____ ___________. (amount of O2 bound to Hb/ Max Hb amount x 100)

A

% saturation.

93
Q

What uses infrared diodes to calculate the ratio of oxyhaemoglobin and deoxyhaemoglobin?

A

Pulse Oximetry. (thing dad has to put on finger)

94
Q

What does % saturation normally range between?

A

95% to 99%.

95
Q

Name the graph that relates saturation of haemoglobin to partial pressure of O2.

A

Oxygen-Haemoglobin Saturation Curve.

96
Q

The higher the P O2 the ______ the haemoglobin saturation.

A

Greater.

97
Q

Why is the saturation curve a curve?

A

Because haemoglobin changes shape each time anther molecule of O2 is bound, making it easier fort the next molecule to bind, aka. affinity is increased.

98
Q

Name the factors that the affinity of Haemoglobin to Oxygen depend on.

A
  • P O2 of blood
  • Blood pH
  • Temperature
  • Metabolic activity within Red Blood Cells.
99
Q

The standardised/optimum conditions for normal blood is pH __ and _____ degrees(Celsius).

A

pH 7.4, 37 degrees

100
Q

If pH drops (becomes more acidic), What happens?

A

More O2 is released, Curve shifts to the right.

101
Q

If Temperature rises, _____ O2 is released and the curve shifts ______.

A

More, Right.

102
Q

If pH rises, less oxygen is released. What way does the curve shift?

A

Left.

103
Q

If Temperature _____, less oxygen is released and the curve will shift left.

A

Drops.

104
Q

What dangerous gas binds very strongly to haemoglobin (more so than O2) and what can this result in?

A

Carbon Monoxide.

Can result in Carbon Monoxide Poisoning.

105
Q

O2 goes from the atmosphere all the way to the alveoli, then to the _______ _______, this takes the oxygenated blood to the ____ side of the heart, this pumps oxygenated blood to _____ _______ which then go to body _____.

A

Pulmonary Capillaries, Left, Tissue Capillaries, Cells.

106
Q

What is the most effective means of increasing alveolar ventilation?

A

By breathing Deeply and Slowly.

107
Q

What does breathing deeply and slowly ensure?

A

That air reaches a sufficient number of perfused alveoli so that O2 and CO2 can be exchanged.

108
Q

What breathing is not good/ can act as a warning sign?

A

Shallow rapid breathing.

109
Q

Pulmonary ventilation and circulation are ______. What does this ensure?

A

Co-ordinated.

-Ensures efficient exchange of gases

110
Q

The coordination of pulmonary ventilation and circulation helps to maintain ______ and ensure sufficient oxygen reaches the ______.

A

Homeostasis.

Tissues.

111
Q

CO2 travels from the body ____, to tissue ____, then to the _____ side of the heart where the deoxygenated blood is pumped to the pulmonary ______, this then reaches the ______ where CO2 is then released into the ________.

A

Tissues, Venules, Right, Venules, Alveoli, Atmosphere.

112
Q

CO2 is transported in blood in 3 ways:

  • Dissolved in _____ (7%)
  • Bound to _______ (23%)
  • ________ ions (70%)
A

Plasma
Haemoglobin
Bicarbonate

113
Q

CO2 enters Red Blood Cells in the capillaries, where it combines with water to form what?

A

Carbonic Acid.

114
Q

What happens to the Carbonic Acid?

A

It is catalysed (by carbonic anhydrase) to form bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions.

115
Q

The hydrogen ions released from the bicarbonate reaction bind to __________. What does this keep constant?

A

Deoxyhaemoglobin. Keeps blood pH constant.

116
Q

What is blood pH regulated by (apart from Hydrogen ions)?

A

By ventilation.

117
Q

An increase in ventilation causes exhalation of additional _____.

A

CO2.

118
Q

What does an increase in ventilation do to CO2 concentration?

A

The partial pressure in blood reduces and it lowers H+ concentration (hyperventilation).

119
Q

If H+ concentration increases it will cause an ____ condition in the blood known as ______.

A

Acidic, Acidosis.

120
Q

What is acidosis caused by?

A

Hypoventilation.

121
Q

Hypoventilation means breathing is ______ than normal, it causes the accumulation of ____ in tissues, the pH to _____ and Plasma HCO-3 _____.

A

Slower, CO2, Decrease (become more acidic), Increases.

122
Q

In respiratory alkalosis, what happens to the pH of the blood?

A

The pH increases.

123
Q

What is alkalosis caused by?

A

Hyperventilation.

124
Q

Alkalosis refers to the excessive loss of what?

A

CO2.

125
Q

In alkalosis the pH _____ and the plasma HCO-3 ________.

A

Increases, Decreases.

126
Q

Breathing too fast is known as what?

A

Hyperventilation.

anatomy (31 decks)

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