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anatomy > Involuntary Movement/ Spinal Reflexes. > Flashcards

Involuntary Movement/ Spinal Reflexes. Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Sensory ______
  2. ____________
  3. Motor _______
A
  1. Input
  2. Integration
  3. Output
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2
Q

Name the 3 main types of effectors.

A

Muscles, Glands and Adipose Tissue.

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3
Q

Where do sensory input over cranial nerves go?

A

Reflex centres in the brain.

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4
Q

Where do sensory input over spinal nerves go?

A

Reflex centres in the spinal cord.

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5
Q

What is a reflex?

A

An involuntary motor response to a sensory input.

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6
Q

What is a reflex mediated by?

A

By a reflex arc.

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7
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

Reflex arc is the neural pathway used in reflex action.

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8
Q

What does the reflex arc consist of?

A
  • The afferent neurons
  • The nerve centre
  • The efferent neurons
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9
Q

The afferent nerve passes the input to the_____ ________.

A

Nerve Centre.

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10
Q

The nerve centre produces activity in the ______ nerves to an ______ _______.

A

Efferent, efferent organ.

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11
Q

The reflex arc is the ______ of a _______ ________.

A

Wiring, single, reflex.

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12
Q

Where does the reflex arc begin?

A

At a receptor.

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13
Q

Where does the reflex arc end?

A

At a peripheral effector.

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14
Q

What are the basic building blocks of neural function?

A

Neural Reflexes.

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15
Q

Define what it is meant by a Neural Reflex.

A

A rapid, automatic response to specific stimuli.

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16
Q

What does one neural reflex produce?

A

It produces one motor response.

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17
Q

The arrival of a stimulus, activates a _________.

A

Receptor.

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18
Q

A physical or chemical change that activates a receptor is known as what?

A

A stimulus.

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19
Q

Once the receptor has been activated, what is activated next?

A

A sensory neuron.

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20
Q

How is the sensory neuron activated?

A

Through graded depolarization.

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21
Q

After the sensory neuron is activated, what happens next?

A

Information is processed by the postsynaptic cell.

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22
Q

What is information processing by postsynaptic cell triggered by?

A

Triggered by neurotransmitters.

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23
Q

Sensation is relayed to the _____ by axon collaterals.

A

Brain.

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24
Q

The 3rd step in a Neural Reflex is ________ processing in the ______.

A

Information, CNS

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25
Q

After information is processed in the CNS, what is the next step in a neural reflex?

A

The Activation of a Motor Neuron.

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26
Q

What is the last step in a neural reflex?

A

A response by the effector.

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27
Q

What is a Patellar Reflex an example of?

A

A Somatic Reflex.

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28
Q

What is a Somatic Reflex?

A

A simple reflex that responds to afferent stimulation, for the involuntary control of muscle (posture and movement).

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29
Q

What is the other name for a visceral reflex?

A

An Autonomic Reflex.

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30
Q

What systems do visceral (autonomic) reflexes control?

A

They control systems other than the muscular system.

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31
Q

Name some examples of visceral/autonomic reflexes.

A

Coughing, sneezing, swallowing and vomiting.

32
Q

For somatic reflexes, think _____.

A

Muscle.

33
Q

Where do cranial reflexes occur?

A

They occur in the brain.

34
Q

What type of reflex is this classed as?-

“A reflex movement in response to a sudden loud noise or bright light”.

A

Cranial Reflex.

35
Q

_____ reflexes occur in the spinal cord.

A

Spinal.

36
Q

Name an example of a spinal reflex.

A

Walking.

37
Q

What type of reflex ranges in complexity?

A

A spinal reflex.

38
Q

Name the spinal reflex that is the stretch reflex.

A

Monosynaptic Reflex.

39
Q

In a monosynaptic reflex there’s little _____ between _____ input and _____ output.

A

Delay, Sensory, Motor.

40
Q

What does muscle stretch lead to the activation of?

A

Ia afferent.

41
Q

Ia afferent makes monosynaptic _____ of ______ from same and agonist muscles, what does this result in?

A

Excitation, Motorneurons, Results in contraction of the muscle.

42
Q

Stretch reflex has a short _______. The contraction is completed in 20-40 msec.

A

Latency

43
Q

Why do we contract the stretching muscle?

A

To compensate the stretch of the muscle. aka. to prevent length change.

44
Q

Name what this process is in terms of a spinal reflex:

  • stretch reflex excites Motorneurons from agonists
  • but inhibits antagonists
  • Ia inhibitory interneurons
  • disynaptic inhibitory pathway
A

Reciprocal Inhibition.

45
Q

What is reciprocal inhibition?

A

The process of muscles on one side of a joint relaxing to accommodate contraction on the other side of that joint.

46
Q

When a muscle spindle is stretched and the ____ _________is activated, the opposing muscle group must be ____ to prevent it from working against the resulting contraction of the homonymous muscle.

A

Stretch, reflex, inhibited.

47
Q

What does Ib Afferent Inhibition prevent skeletal muscle from?

A
  • Developing too much tension

- Tearing or breaking tendons

48
Q

What causes Ib afferent inhibition to arise?

A

Activation of Golgi Tendon Organ.

49
Q

Ib afferent inhibition acts via ___ _______ _______.

A

Ib inhibitory interneurone.

50
Q

When does Ib afferent inhibition operate?

A

Only operates in posture, not during walking.

51
Q

What is the name for the spinal reflex known as a tendon reflex?

A

Polysynaptic Reflex.

52
Q

What spinal reflex has a complicated response?

A

Polysynaptic Reflex.

53
Q

In a polysynaptic reflex:

  • Interneurons control more than one _____ group
  • Produce either ____ or ______
  • Can influence many _____ segments.
A

Muscle, EPSPs, IPSPs, Spinal.

54
Q

Name an example of a Polysynaptic Reflex.

A

Withdrawal reflex.

55
Q

A type of polysynaptic reflex is a withdrawal reflex, what is a withdrawal reflex?

A

Move body part away from stimulus (pain/pressure).

56
Q

Name this:

Action to move part of the body away from painful or harmful stimulus.

A

Flexion Withdrawal Reflex.

57
Q

The stretch, tendon and withdrawal reflexes are ______ reflex arcs.

A

Ipsilateral.

58
Q

Define what is meant by an Ipsilateral Reflex Arc.

A

The sensory stimulus and motor response occur on the same side of the body.

59
Q

The crossed extensor reflex is a _____ reflex arc. This means the motor response is on the opposite side from the stimulus.

A

Contralateral.

60
Q

-The flexor reflex causes the leg to pull up.

What does the crossed extensor reflex then do?

A

It straightens the other leg to stop person falling over.

61
Q

General characteristics of polysynaptic reflexes:

  1. Involve pools of _______
  2. Are _________ in distribution
  3. Involve ________ inhibition
  4. Can be ____ lasting
  5. Several _____ cooperate to produce a _____, control response.
A

Interneurons, Intersegmental, Reciprocal, Long, reflexes, coordinated.

62
Q

Reflexes can adapt to what?

A

Existing conditions.

63
Q

Reflexes can be modified by the _____ input at the _____ cord level.

A

Sensory, Spinal.

64
Q

Reflex motor behaviours occur what?

A

Occur automatically.

65
Q

What do reflex motor behaviour not need?

A

They don’t need instruction from the higher centres.

66
Q

What can have a profound effect on the performance of a reflex?

A

Higher Centres.

67
Q

What can higher centres do to a reflex based in the spinal cord?

A

They can facilitate or inhibit reflex motor patterns based in the spinal cord.

68
Q

What do altered spinal reflexes indicate?

A

Neurological Damage.

69
Q

Name this reflex:

  • Normal in children, may indicate CNS damage in adults
  • Toes fan out in response to external stimulation.
A

Babinski Reflex

70
Q

What leads to spasticity?

A

Hyperactive stretch reflex.

71
Q

Spasticity is often a result of stroke, SCI, MS and CP, what is spasticity?

A

Long lasting uncontrolled muscle contractions.

72
Q

Lokomat training helps people to ____.

A

Walk.

73
Q

The brain can alter ____ reflexes.

A

Spinal.

74
Q

Automatic reflexes can be activated by the _____ as needed.

A

Brain.

75
Q

Higher centre of brain incorporate ____, reflexive ____ patterns.

A

Lower, Motor.

76
Q

The brain uses few ___ _____ to control complex ____ functions, such as _________.

A

Nerve impulses, Motor, Walking.

anatomy (31 decks)

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