Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

anatomy > Neurotransmission (last of Sem 1) > Flashcards

Neurotransmission (last of Sem 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Ion movement is related to ______ concentration.

A

Cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does axon diameter affect?

A

Action Potential Speed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The larger the axon diameter, the _______ the _______.

A

Lower, resistance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What form does information travel within the nervous system?

A

It travels as propagated electrical signals aka. Action Potentials.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the most important information that the nervous system carries?

A

Information regarding Vision, Balance and Motoor Commands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does a longer axon mean in terms of action potential speed?

A

The longer the axon, the faster the action potential.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How is the most important information carried?

A

By large-diameter, myelinated axons. (So I travels really fast).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name the 3 groups of Axons.

A
  • Type A fibers
  • Type B fibers
  • Type C fibers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What 3 things are axon groups classified by?

A
  • Diameter
  • Myelination
  • Speed of action potentials.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What speed are Type A Fibers?

A

High speed (140 m/sec).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Type A fibers are ______, _______ axons with a _____ diameter of 4-20 micrometres.

A

Large, Myelinated, Large

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What information do Type A Fibers carry?

A

Rapid information to/from the CNS.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Position, Balance, Touch and Motor impulses would all be carried by what type of fibers?

A

Type A Fibers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What fibers are medium speed (18 m/s)?

A

Type B fibers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Name this fiber:

Smaller Myelinated axon, with diameters 2-4 µm.

A

Type B fiber.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do Type B Fibers carry?

A

Intermediate Signals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Peripheral Effectors and some sensory information is carried by Type __ Fibers.

A

B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What Speed are C Fibers?

A

They are slow speed fibers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is different about Type C Fibers from Type A and B Fibers?

A

Type C Fibers are unmyelinated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Type ___ Fibers carry slower information for example ________ muscle and ______ controls.

A

C, involuntary, glands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a neuron?

A

The basic functional unit of the nervous system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Neurons must communicate with other neurons and tissues to produce what?

A

To produce coordinated behavioural responses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where does communication take place between neurons?

A

At the synapse.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe briefly- Synaptic Activity.

A

Action Potentials are transmitted from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuron across a synapse.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Name the 2 types of synapse.

A
  1. Electrical Synapse

2. Chemical Synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Name the type of Synapse:

Direct contact between cells.

A

Electrical Synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

At the electrical synapse Pre and post synaptic membranes are locked together at ____ _________(connexons)

A

Gap Junctions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What do electrical synapses allow to pass between cells?

A

They allow ions to pass between cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Electrical synapses produce ______ local current and ________ ________ propagation.

A

CONTINUOUS, action potential.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Where are electrical synapses found?

A

In areas of the brain, eye and ciliary ganglia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What type of synapse is common in invertebrates and embryos?

A

Electrical Synapses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Name the type of synapse:

Signals transmitted across a gap by chemical neurotransmitters.

A

Chemical Synapses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

________ synapses are found in most synapses between neurons and all synapses between neurons and other cells.

A

Chemical.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

In terms of contact what is the difference between Electrical Synapses and Chemical Synapses?

A

Chemical Synapses are when the cells are not in contact but in electrical synapses the cells are in contact.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

In ______ synapses the cells are not in direct contact.

A

Chemical.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

In Chemical Synapses, what happens to the action potential?

A

The action potential may or may not be propagated to the postsynaptic cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What do these two factors affect?

  • Amount of neurotransmitter released
  • Sensitivity of postsynaptic cell (near or far from threshold)
A

Whether or not the action potential is propagated or not.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are the 2 classes of neurotransmitters.

A
  • Excitatory Neurotransmitters

- Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What do excitatory neurotransmitters do?

A
  • Cause depolarization of postsynaptic membranes

- Promote action potentials.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What do Inhibitory Neurotransmitters do?

A
  • Cause hyperpolarization of postsynaptic membranes

- Supress action potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The Effect of a Neurotransmitter affects the _______ site on a postsynaptic membrane. Therefore its not the actual neurotransmitter itself.

A

Receptor.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are cholinergic synapses?

A

Synapses that release ACh.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

______ is the most widespread neurotransmitter.

A

ACh.

44
Q

What is the full name for ACh?

A

Acetylcholine.

45
Q

ACh is released at all neuromuscular junctions with ________ ______ fibers.

A

Skeletal Muscle.

46
Q

What do many synapses in the CNS release?

A

ACh

47
Q

All neuron to neuron synapses in the _____ release ACh.

A

PNS

48
Q

All neuromuscular and neuroglandular junctions of ______ _________division release ACh.

A

ANS parasympathetic

49
Q

•Events at a Cholinergic Synapse:
1. Action potential arrives, ________ synaptic terminal
2. _____ions enter synaptic terminal, trigger exocytosis of _____
3. ACh binds to ______, depolarizes ________membrane
4. ACh removed by
________
• AChE breaks ACh into _____ and _____

A 
Depolarizes
Calcium, Ach
Receptors, Post-synaptic
AChE
Acetate, Choline.
50
Q

What occurs between the arrival of the action potential at a synaptic terminal and the effect it has on the postsynaptic membrane?

A

A Synaptic Delay

51
Q

How long is a synaptic delay?

A

0.2-.05 m/secs

52
Q

Fewer synapses means ________ response.

A

Faster.

53
Q

What happens when neurotransmitters cannot recycle fast enough to meet demands of intense stimuli?

A

Synaptic Fatigue

54
Q

What happens during synaptic fatigue?

A

The synapse becomes inactive until ACh is replenished.

55
Q 
What are these examples of?
• Biogenic amines 
• Amino acids 
• Neuropeptides 
• Dissolved gases
A

Categories of neurotransmitter.

56
Q

Name 4 important neurotransmitters other than ACh.

A
  • Norepinephrine (NE)
  • Dopamine
  • Serotonin
  • Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)
57
Q

What is Norepinephrine (NE) released by?

A

Adrenergic Synapses

58
Q

What effect does Norepinephrine (NE) have?

A

It has an excitatory, depolarizing effect.

59
Q

Where is Norepinephrine widely distributed?

A

Widely distributed in the brain and portions of ANS.

60
Q

_______ and ______ are CNS Neurotransmitters.

A

Dopamine, Serotonin.

61
Q

What affect can dopamine have?

A

Either excitatory or inhibitory.

62
Q

______ is involved in Parkinson’s Disease and Cocaine use.

A

Dopamine.

63
Q

What does Serotonin affect?

A

Attention and emotional stress.

64
Q

Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) has an ______ effect and functions in the ______.

A

Inhibitory, CNS.

65
Q

The nervous system relies on a complex form of _________ communication.

A

Chemical.

66
Q

Each neuron is continuously exposed to a variety of _____________. Some usually have ______ effects, while others usually have __________ effects.

A

Neurotransmitters, excitatory, inhibitory.

67
Q

The effects of the neurotransmitter depends on the nature of the _________ rather than the structure of the neurotransmitter

A

Receptor.

68
Q

How do drugs affect the nervous system?

A

By stimulating receptors that respond to neurotransmitters.

69
Q

What can have complex effects on perception, motor control, and emotional states?

A

Taking Drugs.

70
Q

Other chemicals that are released by synaptic terminals that have a similar function to neurotransmitters are known as _________.

A

Neuromodulators.

71
Q

Neuromodulator effects are _____ term and ______ to appear.

A

Long, Slow.

72
Q

Neuromodulator responses involve _____ steps, intermediary compounds.

A

Multiple.

73
Q

These are some of the other characteristics of a ________:
• Affect presynaptic membrane, postsynaptic membrane, or both
• Released alone or with a neurotransmitter

A

Neuromodulator

74
Q

What is the main difference between a neuromodulator and a neurotransmitter?

A

A neuromodulator is a lot slower to go to the receptor sites whereas a neurotransmitter is fast.

75
Q

What are Neuropeptides?

A

Neuromodulators that bind to receptors and activate enzymes.

76
Q

What are the neuromodulators found in the CNS called?

A

Opioids

77
Q

_______ bind to the same receptors as opium and morphine.

A

Opioids.

78
Q

What do Opioids do?

A

Relieve Pain.

79
Q

Name the 4 classes of Opioids.

A
  • Endorphins
  • Enkephalins
  • Endomorphins
  • Dynorphins
80
Q

Describe the 3 ways Neurotransmitters/Neuromodulators work.

A
  • Direct effects on membrane channels (ACh)
  • Indirect effects via G-Proteins (Histamine, dopamine)
  • Indirect effects via intracellular enzymes (lipid soluble gases eg. NO and CO)
81
Q

Direct effect neurotransmitters alter what across the membrane?

A

Ion Movement

82
Q

Because these direct effect neurotransmitters alter ion movement across the membrane, they are said to have what effects?

A

Inotropic Effects.

83
Q

What does a direct effect cause?

A

Gated ion channels to open and close.

84
Q

Indirect effects via G-Proteins work through _____ messengers.

A

Second.

85
Q

When the neurotransmitter binds to the receptor site what does this do to the G-Protein? What does this then do?

A

It activates it :)

The activated G-Protein activates enzymes that change cell metabolism and activity.

86
Q

The G-Protein activates the enzyme called _______ ________ which produces the ________ messenger cyclic-AMP (cAMP).

A

Adenylyl Cyclase, second.

87
Q

What do indirect effects via intracellular receptors involve?

A

Lipid-Soluble gases (NO and CO).

88
Q

In the indirect effect via intracellular receptors, what do the lipid soluble gases bind to?

A

Enzymes in brain cells.

89
Q

What does the production of secondary messengers cause/

A

Changes in cell metabolism and activity.

90
Q

ACh is primarily_____ through binding to chemically ____ channels.

A

Direct, Gated.

91
Q

Biogenic Amines (Dopamine, histamine) are _____ through ___ _____ and second messengers.

A

Indirect.

G-Proteins.

92
Q

Amino Acids are ______ found in the ______.

A

Neurotransmitters, CNS.

93
Q

What type of effect do Neuropeptide have?

A

Indirect Effect via G-Proteins (and second messenger).

94
Q

Purines (eg. ATP) are found in the _____.

A

CNS

95
Q

Hormones are typically _______ and found widespread in the ______.

A

Indirect, brain.

96
Q

CO and NO have an ______ effect by _____ to ______ which activates ______ messengers.

A

Indirect, diffusion, enzymes, secondary.

97
Q

Lipids such as anandamide have an _____ effect and are found in the ______.

A

Indirect, CNS.

98
Q

What is the relationship between myelin and the propagation speed of action potentials?

A

The presence of myelin greatly increases the propagation speed of action potentials.

99
Q

Which of the following axons is myelinated: one that propagates action potentials at 50 meters per second, or one that carries them at 1 meter per second?

A

The one that propagates action potentials at 50 meters per second- as it travels faster :)

100
Q

Describe the general structure of a synapse.

A
  • Presynaptic cell
  • Postsynaptic cell
  • Their plasma membranes are separated by a narrow synaptic cleft.
101
Q

If a synapse involves direct physical contact between cells, it is termed _______; ; if the synapse involves a neurotransmitter, it is termed _______.

A

Electrical.

Chemical.

102
Q

What effect would blocking voltage-gated calcium channels at a cholinergic synapse have on synaptic communication?

A

Calcium could not enter the presynaptic terminal and trigger the release of ACh into the synapse.
This means no communication would take place across the synapse.

103
Q

Because of ______ delay, the pathway with fewer _______ will transmit impulses more rapidly.

A

Synaptic, neurons.

104
Q

Both neurotransmitters and neuromodulators are compounds that are released by one ______ and that affect another ___________.

A

Neuron, Neuron.

105
Q

A neurotransmitter alters the __________ _______________of the other neuron, whereas a neuromodulator alters the other neuron’s _______ to specific ____________.

A

Transmembrane Potential, response, neurotransmitters.

106
Q

Identify the three functional groups into which neurotransmitters and neuromodulators fall.

A
  • Compounds that have a direct effect on membrane potential,
  • Compounds that have an indirect effect on membrane potential,
  • Lipid-soluble gases that exert their effects inside the cell.

anatomy (31 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions