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Vocab/ Concepts for Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is cell theory?

A

the theory that all organisms are made of cells and all cells come from preexisting cells
“What are organisms made up of?”

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2
Q

what is he chromosome theory of inheritance?

A

The theory that chromosomes are linear sequences of genes. The unifying theory stating that inheritance patterns may be generally explained by assuming that genes are located in specific sites on chromosomes
“How do organisms process hereditary information, and how do they acquire and use energy?”

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3
Q

what is the theory of evolution by natural selection?

A

“Where do organisms come from?”

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4
Q

what is the spontaneous generation theory?

A

the idea that organisms arise spontaneously from nonliving material.

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5
Q

what is a hypothesis?

A

a testable statement that explains something observed

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6
Q

what is a prediction?

A

an observable result that must be correct in order for a hypothesis to be valid

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7
Q

what is chemical evolution?

A

the formation of more complex organic molecules from the evolution of simpler organic molecules,, it is how life arose from nonlife early in earths history

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8
Q

what is natural selection?

A

traits that are beneficial in a current environment are “selected” within a natural population

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9
Q

what is a population?

A

A group of individuals of the same species (distinct, identifiable types of organisms) living in the same area at the same time

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10
Q

what is fitness?

A

the ability of an individual to produce offspring

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11
Q

what is an adaptation?

A

a trait that increases fitness of an individual in a particular environment

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12
Q

who was charles darwin?

A

amateur naturalist who studied tortoises and finches in the galapagos,, made evolution a common and accepted theory

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13
Q

what is the significance of the galapagos

A

it is where darwin did most of his research on the finches and pioneered the thought of natural selection

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14
Q

what is the wallace line?

A

the line that alfred russel discovered that marked distinct species distribution patterns between asian and Australian plants and animals

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15
Q

what is population thinking?

A

It observes, analyzes, and predicts the experiences of a whole group of people defined in a specific way

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16
Q

wat does it mean for a population to evolve

A

change in the characteristics of a population over time

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17
Q

what is common ancestry?

A

the idea that all species have a common ancestor and that throughout time speciation occurred, so that new species diverged from the original line

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18
Q

what is natural selection

A

traits are selected or not selected dependent on the qualities of the environment, therefore some animals die off and others live and therefore the selected traits become more common

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19
Q

what is heritable variation

A

the idea that heritable traits will always vary within a population and within offspring
- leads to differential reproductive success

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20
Q

what is differential reproductive success?

A

the idea that different organisms will have different success levels in terms of reproduction dependent on what traits they posess

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21
Q

what is descent with modification

A

the idea that we all come from a common ancestor and then throughout time each generation can modify and eventually separate from the original.

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22
Q

what is radiometric dating?

A

the ability to date different rocks based on their chemical makeup

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23
Q

what is homology?

A

a similarity that exists in multiple species descended from a common ancestor
- genetic
- developmental
- structural

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24
Q

what is artificial selection?

A

humans identify desirable traits in plants or animals and then breed specifically for those traits,, over time individuals with those traits increase until a new breed is established

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25
fitness
individuals that have traits that allow them to better compete foe scarce resources will reproduce more
26
variation
individuals within a population vary in their traits, this is what causes natural selection to happen
27
what is the struggle for existence?
the theory that there are not enough resources on the earth to support all of the population, therefore those who have higher fitness will survive and those who have a lower fitness will die off
28
antibiotic resistance
a real work example of natural selection and evolution. Over time as a virus is able to reproduce and be exposed to antibiotics, the more time it has to form mutations that make it resistant to said antibiotics and form new strains of the virus
29
what are darwins 4 postulates?
1. variety 2. heritability 3. struggle 4.differential survival and reproduction
30
what is a mixed population?
a population that has some individuals with the "selected trait" and some others who don't have the selected trait
31
what is a resistant population?
a population that all has the selected trait that allows for them to be resistant against whatever
32
what are adaptations?
heritable traits favored by natural selection that allow an individual to survive and produce more offspring
33
what is the difference between an adaptation and acclimation?
an adaptation is a long term change,, it changes the traits in populations over time, whereas acclimation is a short term reversible change that effects only an individual organisms
34
what are genetic constraints?
things that may limit the amount that a trait can evolve
35
what are trade offs?
they occur when a positive change in one trait results in a negative change in another. This limits the efficiency of natural selection e. cheetahs are very fast but their bones are very brittle and prone to breaking
36
what is a vestigial trait?
traits that are still present in organisms today that were once useful to the species but are now not
37
what is a silent mutation?
genetic mutations that do not alter the phenotype
38
what is Bmp4?
the gene in finches that codes for beak size
39
what is the blending theory of inheritance?
- the original theory of inheritance before mendel - the theory that an offsprings traits are a blend of those from the other and the father - thus assumed that over time all individuals would come out to look the same and variation would be destroyed
40
new variation
mutations that cause new phenotypes
41
what is a phenotype?
the outward expression of the genotype of an organism
42
what is a pure line
consists of individuals that produce offspring identical to the parents when crossed with another member of the pure line or when self fertilized.
43
what is a hybrid?
offspring from a cross between homozygous parents with different genotypes
44
what is a dominant trait?
the trait that will always express the phenotype when present
45
what is a recessive trait?
the trait that will only express the phenotype when the dominant trait is absent
46
what happened after crossing the two pure lines in F1 of mendels expereiment
a 3;1 ratio occurred
47
what is the significance of the 3;1 ratio mendel observed?
this established that variation was not lost or blended from generation to generation
48
what is the particulate theory of inheritance
the theory that hereditary determinants maintain their integrity from generation to generation
49
what is a gene ?
a hereditary determinant that ibfluences a particular trait
50
what is an allele?
a particular form of a gene (different versions of the same gene) (ie flower color or hair color)
51
how many alleles does each person have per gene?
2
52
what are gametes
sex cells (sperm and eggs)
53
what is the principle of segregation
in order to account for the 3:1 ratio of phenotypes in F2 alleles, individuals concluded that the two members of each gene pair segregated during the formation of the egg and sperm
54
what is cytology?
the study of cell structure
55
what is meiosis
the process of cell division that occurs with sexual reproduction
56
what is sex linked inheritance?
certain traits and characteristics can be found on the X chromosome and some traits can be passed down through the sex chromosomes
57
what is DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid,, makes up chromosomes, carries our genetic code
58
how do mutations come about?
when DNA replication is imperfect mutations can occur
59
what do mutations do?
mutations provide a steady supply of new genetic and phenotypic variation that can then be sorted by natural selection
60
what is a polymorphic trait
a trait that has more than two distinct phenotypes ie) hair color, eye color, etc
61
what is a randomly and repeatedly sampled gene pool used for in hardy weinberg?
to evaluate what gametes might passs onto the next generation, and to calculate the observed frequency of each genotype and allele
62
what is A1 equivalent to?
p
63
what is A2 equivalent to?
q
64
what are the formulas for genotype frequencies in offspring?
A1A1 p^2 A1A2 2pq A2A2 q^2
65
what is the equation for the expected offspring genotype frequencies?
p^2+2pq+q^2 (from here we can predict the allele frequecies)
66
what is the formula for allele frequencies?
p+q=1
67
what happens when gametes are randomly combined and alles are transmitted via meiosis
their frequencies do not change over time
68
what is a null model
something that predicts there are no differences among treatment groups in an experiment (a population is not evolving)
69
what is the formula for chi squared and what are the different variables?
x^2=(SIgma) (O-E)^2/(E) - O= observed genotype frequencies - E=expected genotype frequencies - Sigma= the sum of
70
what is the purpose of the chi squared test?
to statistically test for a difference between oberced and expected genotype frequencies
71
what is the equation for allele frequency?
for dominant= (2xA1A1)+A1A2/2(total pop) for recessive= same just plug in A2A2 instead of A1A1
72
what are the steps of the Chi Squared test?
1. examine the observed genotypes in the gene pool 2. Calculate the frequency of each allele 3. use the allelic frequencies to calculate the expected genotypic frequencies 4. convert the frequencies into expected numbers based on the total 5. plug the information into the Chi Squared formula 6. add up all of your results to get the Chi Squared Statistic 7. calcuate the degrees of freedom 8. compare the chi square value with the 3.84 number
73
what is the equation of degrees of freedom
n-1 ,, where n = the number of different alleles
74
if the chi squared of the observed if more that the expected then
evolution is occurring, and the population is not in HWE
75
if the expected chi squared is more than the observed then
the population is in HWE and evolution is not occurring
76
what are the assumptions of HW?
1. no natural selection is occurring 2. no genetic drift 3. no gene flow 4. no mutation 5 no non random mating
77
what is natural selection for the 50th time
the process by which individuals with certain heritable traits tend to produce more surviving offspring that do individuals without those traits, often leading to a change in the genetic makeup of the population. - a major mechanism of evolution, - natural selection is the only evolutionary process that can produce adaptations
78
what is genetic drift?
any change in allele frequencies die to chance. Causes allele frequencies to drift up and down randomly over time, and eventually can lead to fixation or loss of alleles - very prevalent in small populations
79
what is gene flow?
the movement of alleles between populations,, this occurs when individuals leave one population, join another and then breed
80
what is a mutation?
any permanent change in the hereditary material of an organism. The only source of new alleles in populations
81
founder effect
when part of a population migrates to a new area and begins a new population
82
what is genetic bottleneck
when a high mortality disaster occurs and the population that is left is genetically random and has to reestablish the population
83
what is directional adaptation pattern?
changes the average value of a trait
84
what is the stabilizing selection pattern?
reduces variation in a trait
85
what is the disruptive selection pattern?
increases variation in a trait
86
what is the balancing selection pattern?
maintains the variation in a trait (pendulum analogy)

Bio 110 (20 decks)

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