Bio Exam 3 Class 1 (Protists) Flashcards
eukaryotes have more… than prokaryotes
organelles, and extensive cytoskeloeton
what are examples of organelles?
mitochondria, chloroplasts
eukaryotes are …cellular
multicellular
pros reproduce… theough
asexually…binary fission
euks reproduce…or…. through…
sexually or asexually through gametes or spores
eukarya include:
protists, fungi, plants, and animals
eukaryotes have… chromosomes
linear
what are the 3 types of dna that eukaryotic cells have?
- nuclear dna
- mitochondrial dna
- chloroplast dna
what does protist mean?
“the very first”
what do protists include
all eukaryotes except land animals, fungi, and land plants
protists do not have
synapomorphies
what type of tree do protists make up
paraphyletic
protists tend to live in
water or moist environments
where are some other habitats of protists?
oceans, coasts, inside plants and animals
how to protists live in different organisms?
-as parasite or endosymbiotes
many protists are more closely related to …,…,… than other protists
plants, animals or fungi
what are the two groups that protists are divided into?
unikonta and bikonta
what classifies protists into the two respective groups
the number of flagellum that they have
how do protists move?
- sliding motion through pseudopodia
- swimming using the flagella or small cilia
how are flagella characterized?
long and few
how is cilia characterized ?
short and numerous
how do protists obtain energy
-some are autotrophs and photosynthesize
- others are heterotrophs and fed via phagocytosis, or using their cilia to funnel food into their specialized gullet
go look at the slide about lineages
hehe
how do biologists study protists?
microscopes
what were the 4 major innovations that evolved in protists?
- mitochonria and chloroplast
- nuclear envolope
- multicellularity
- sex and alteration of generations
what is endoymbiosis theory of mitochondria origin ?
an ancient Archaean cell engulfed an ancient bacterial cell and the bacterium gains protection and carbon compounds and in return produces atp fpr the cell to use
when was endosymbiosis proposed?
1880’s then revived by Lynn Margulis
what is the idea of endosymbiosis?
mitochindria converts pyruvate into ATP
hat is the evidence of endosymbiosis being the origin of mitochondria?
- mitochondria are about the side of a bacterium
- mito. replicate by fission
- mito. have 70 s ribosomes
- mito. have a double bilayer membrane
- mito. have their own dna double stranded and circular
- mito. have gene sequences
what convinced most scientists that endosymbiosis was true?
dna sequencing and research
mitochondrial dna is most closely related to…
bacterial DNA
- circular genomes
mitochondrial dna is not derived from…
nuclear DNA
what is the theory of chloroplast origin?
all plantaes have chloroplasts with two membranes, so endosymbiosis must have occurred in a common ancestor
what is endosymbiosis?
look at slides
the chloroplast did not envolve in…
eukaryotes
how did protists engulf synobacteria
secodary endosymbiosis
what is an example of secondary endosymbiosis
another protists engulfed a photosynthetic protist that already had a chloroplast
what is secondary endosymbiosis?
when something swallows something else that already has x in it so that original thing now has x
