Bio Exam 3 Class 1 (Protists) Flashcards

1
Q

eukaryotes have more… than prokaryotes

A

organelles, and extensive cytoskeloeton

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2
Q

what are examples of organelles?

A

mitochondria, chloroplasts

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3
Q

eukaryotes are …cellular

A

multicellular

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4
Q

pros reproduce… theough

A

asexually…binary fission

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5
Q

euks reproduce…or…. through…

A

sexually or asexually through gametes or spores

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6
Q

eukarya include:

A

protists, fungi, plants, and animals

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7
Q

eukaryotes have… chromosomes

A

linear

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8
Q

what are the 3 types of dna that eukaryotic cells have?

A
  • nuclear dna
  • mitochondrial dna
  • chloroplast dna
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9
Q

what does protist mean?

A

“the very first”

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10
Q

what do protists include

A

all eukaryotes except land animals, fungi, and land plants

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11
Q

protists do not have

A

synapomorphies

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12
Q

what type of tree do protists make up

A

paraphyletic

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13
Q

protists tend to live in

A

water or moist environments

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14
Q

where are some other habitats of protists?

A

oceans, coasts, inside plants and animals

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15
Q

how to protists live in different organisms?

A

-as parasite or endosymbiotes

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16
Q

many protists are more closely related to …,…,… than other protists

A

plants, animals or fungi

17
Q

what are the two groups that protists are divided into?

A

unikonta and bikonta

18
Q

what classifies protists into the two respective groups

A

the number of flagellum that they have

19
Q

how do protists move?

A
  • sliding motion through pseudopodia
  • swimming using the flagella or small cilia
20
Q

how are flagella characterized?

A

long and few

21
Q

how is cilia characterized ?

A

short and numerous

22
Q

how do protists obtain energy

A

-some are autotrophs and photosynthesize
- others are heterotrophs and fed via phagocytosis, or using their cilia to funnel food into their specialized gullet

23
Q

go look at the slide about lineages

24
Q

how do biologists study protists?

A

microscopes

25
what were the 4 major innovations that evolved in protists?
- mitochonria and chloroplast - nuclear envolope - multicellularity - sex and alteration of generations
26
what is endoymbiosis theory of mitochondria origin ?
an ancient Archaean cell engulfed an ancient bacterial cell and the bacterium gains protection and carbon compounds and in return produces atp fpr the cell to use
27
when was endosymbiosis proposed?
1880's then revived by Lynn Margulis
28
what is the idea of endosymbiosis?
mitochindria converts pyruvate into ATP
29
hat is the evidence of endosymbiosis being the origin of mitochondria?
- mitochondria are about the side of a bacterium - mito. replicate by fission - mito. have 70 s ribosomes - mito. have a double bilayer membrane - mito. have their own dna double stranded and circular - mito. have gene sequences
30
what convinced most scientists that endosymbiosis was true?
dna sequencing and research
31
mitochondrial dna is most closely related to...
bacterial DNA - circular genomes
32
mitochondrial dna is not derived from...
nuclear DNA
33
what is the theory of chloroplast origin?
all plantaes have chloroplasts with two membranes, so endosymbiosis must have occurred in a common ancestor
34
what is endosymbiosis?
look at slides
35
the chloroplast did not envolve in...
eukaryotes
36
how did protists engulf synobacteria
secodary endosymbiosis
37
what is an example of secondary endosymbiosis
another protists engulfed a photosynthetic protist that already had a chloroplast
38
what is secondary endosymbiosis?
when something swallows something else that already has x in it so that original thing now has x