Classes 1-6 Flashcards
Implications of cell theory
common ancestry
what does common ancestry mean
- all single celled individuals are related
- all cells in a multicelllar organism are related and come from preexisting cells
where did the first cells come from?
chemical evolution
describe a double helix structure
two helixes paired with nucleotides between them,, with the two strands running in anti-parallel directions (one side runs 3’ to 5’ and vice versa)
adenine pairs with
thymine
cytosine pairs with
guanine
what is the central dogma?
DNA codes for RNA codes for PROTEINS codes for TRAITS
what is RNA?
aka Ribonucleic acid
- single stranded nucleic acids
- codes for proteins
what is Mrna
RNA molecule that carries the DNA code required for protein synthesis
natural selection acts on… whereas evolution occurs in….
individuals…..populations
what are the two fundamental needs of organisms?
- Chemical energy
- other molecules that can be used as building blocks for DNA, RNA, proteins, and cell membranes
what do organisms use as energy? and what does it do?
ATP or adenosine triphosphate,, it stores and transfers chemical energy
Who were darwin and wallace?
studied evolution and natural selection
what were the 2 theories of darwin and wallace?
1.) Individuals with in a population very in characteristics that are heritable
2.) In a particular environment, certain versions of these heritable traits help individuals survive and reproduce better
what is natural selection?
traits that are beneficial in the current environment are “selected” with in a natural population
what were some of Darwin’s key points in “The Origin of Species
fitness is the ability of an individual to produce viable offspring
and
an adaptation is a trait that increases fitness of an individual in a particular environment
what are the 2 conditions of natural selection?
1) individuals must very in characteristics that are heritable
2) certain versions of these heritable individuals reproduce more
evolution occurs when…
heritable variation leads to differential reproductive success
what was the consensus about evolution before the 1800’s
- species were unrelated and could not change
- the earth was only 6000 years old
- some species were “higher” than others
who were the main theorist of “evolution” before 1800?
plato and aristotle
what did pre 1800’s evolutionary though base itself upon
religion and a higher being,, also a heirarchy
ie) plants were lower than animals were lower than humans
what was the consensus on evolution after 1800?
it was still assumed that all living things appeared out of spontaneous generation, and animals could acquire characteristics that they could then pass on to their offspring, which over time developed into the theory of evolution presented by darwin that we still follow to this day
who were the main evolutionary thinkers post 1800’s
John Baptiste Lamark,, Charles Darwin,, and Wallace
what was Lamarks theory of evolution
- all living things were spontaneously generated
- animals could acquire characteristics that they could then pass to their offspring
what was darwins predictions about evolution?
- species change over time
- all species are related
who was charles darwin
- divinity student
-amateur naturalist - studied in the glapagos and patagonia
what did darwin study in the galapagos?
Darwin studied the different types of bird and tortoise species on the different islands in the Galapagos
what did darwin observe about the different finches in the Galapagos?
each finch had a different beak shape dependent on where they lived and what their diet was
what assumptions did darwin make about the finches based on their differing beaks?
they all must have came from a common ancestor but then diverged along the way making them a slightly different type within the species.
what theory did darwins finches challenge? what theory did it give rise to?
special creation,, descent with modification
what was special creation
the idea that all living things were/are created by a divine being and cannot change bc they are created by a higher power
what is descent with modification?
the idea that all sects within a species have a common ancestor, but over the years the species modifies based on their environments, and therefore separates into new forms within a species.