Exam 4 Study Guide Questions

Question 1

What are the synapomorphies of animals?

Answer 1

Are multicellular, lack cell walls and have a ECM
Move on their own accord at some point in their life cycle
Have neurons and muscle cells
Are heterotrophs

Question 2

What group is most closely related to animals?

Answer 2

Choanoflagellates

Question 3

Know the difference between radial (non-bilateral) and bilateral symmetry.

Answer 3

Radial: more than 2 planes of symmetry,, Bilateral: only 1 plane of symmetry

Question 4

Know a protostome from a deuterostome.

Answer 4

Protostome: the mouth develops first before the anus
Deuterostome: the anus develops first before the mouth

Question 5

Know how many germ layers diploblasts and triploblasts have, and name the layers in each one. Be able to list 1-2 things that each germ layer becomes.

Answer 5

Diplobalsts: 2 layers
Endoderm: digestive system and respiratory tract (reproductive system in diplos)
Ectoderm: Skin and nervous system (muscles in diplophasts)
Triploblasts: 1st 2 layers + 1
Mesoderm: muscle tissues, organs, bones, circulatory system

Question 6

What is a coelom? Know the difference between acoelomates, pseudocoelomates, and coelomates.

Answer 6

Coelom is the space between tissue layers that facilitates the transport of O2 and nutrients throughout the body of the organism
Acoelomates: no coelom
pseudocoelomates : partially mesoderm lined coelom
Coelomates: fully mesoderm lined coelom

Question 7

Understand the difference between a nerve net and the central nervous system. Which organisms have each type?

Answer 7

Non bilaterians have a nerve net,, nerves are diffused throughout the body
Bilaterians have a CNS,,contains ganglia and a brain that keeps the neurons clustered

Question 8

What is cephalization?

Answer 8

The formation of a head, brain, and sensory organs

Question 9

. Know the different modes of feeding, reproduction, etc.

Answer 9

Suspension feeders: Capture food by filtering out particles floating in water or drifting through the air

Fluid feeders: suck or mop up liquids like sap, blood, or fruit juice

Deposit feeders: ingest organic material that has been deposited within a substrate or on its surface

Mass feeders: take chunks of food into their mouths

Repro:
Oviparous: species deposit eggs protected by shells that contain a yolk

Ovoviviparous: organisms embryos are contained within a shell and a yolk but they give birth to the live organism

Viviparous: animals nourish the embryo directly inside of themselves and then give birth to a live offspring

External and internal sexual reproduction (those are fairly self explanatory)

Question 10

. What adaptations did protostomes evolve that allowed them to colonize land? Be able to describe each one.

Answer 10

High surface area to volume ratio: increases the amount of areas gasses have to be transported into the body
Waxy cuticle: limits loss my trapping it in
Spiracles: act similar to stomata in plants, they are small openings on the surface of the
internalized gill structures: kept the respiratory structures from getting dried out by keeping them protected inside the organisms
Amniotic egg: kept the embryo from drying out by allowing them to stay protected in the fluid filled egg
Exoskeleton: the exoskeleton give the animals body support
Shells: functioned similarly to the exoskeleton

Question 11

Differentiate between a closed and open circulatory system.

Answer 11

A closed circulatory system is when the circulatory system has passageways (like a coelom) that brings fluid and nutrients to each cell individually (better for large organisms)
An open circulatory system is one where the internal organs and cells are all bathed in fluid (are better for smaller organisms with less area to bathe)

Question 12

Why don’t protostomes grow huge, like in the classic (to me, at least) movie Starship Troopers?

Answer 12

Because of the open circulatory system, O2 cannot be regulated as efficiently in large animals as they canin smaller animals

Question 13

What are the two lineages of protostomes? Know the synapomorphies for each lineage.

Answer 13

Lophotrochozoa:
-lophophore: special mouth structure that captures food
- trocophore: cilliated larvae that swims to capture food
- spiral cleveage: during embryogenesis the cells of the embryo divide in a spiral formation
Ecdysozoa:
Species grow intermittently by molting their exoskeleton periodically

Question 14

What are the two lineages of deuterostomes? Know the synapomorphies for each lineage.

Answer 14

Echinodermata:

Pentaradial symmetry- 5 plane symmetry
Endoskeleton- internal bony or cartilagenous skeleton
Water vascular system- acts as a hydrostatic skeleton
Tube feet - assist in locomotion

Chordata:

Pharyngeal gill slits -
Dorsal hollow nerve chord
Notochord
post anal tail

Question 15

What are the 3 groups that make up Chordata? Name one example for each group.

Answer 15

Cephalochordates,, lancelets
Urochordates,, sea squirts
Vertabrates,, amphibians (frogs)

Question 16

What are the two synapomorphies of vertebrates, and be able to clearly explain why each one is so important.

Answer 16

Cranium ,, protects the brain of the organism ,, which controls sensations and motor control among other thins
Vertebrate ,, protects the spinal chord of the organism which controls movements and certain sensations

Question 17

18. What innovations allowed vertebrates to colonize land?

Answer 17

Bony exoskeleton
Jaws
Limbs (tetrapods)
Amniotic egg

Question 18

Be able to explain the importance of the amniotic egg. Which two groups are amniotes?

Answer 18

The amniotic egg prevents the desiccation of the embryo on land. Also allows for nutrients to be provided to the embryo. Mammals and reptiles are amniotes

Question 19

. Understand the difference between ray-finned and lobe-finned fishes.

Answer 19

Ray finned fishes have bones that stay close to the body from which the fin extends from

Lobe finned fishes have bony that extend into the fin from which the rest of the fin extends from

Question 20

Be able to explain r vs. k selected species, as well as survivorship curves.

Answer 20

R selected species give low levels of parental care, have very large amounts of offspring at once, and their litters experience high mortality rates.
K selected species give high levels of protective care to their offspring and usually only have one or two offspring at a time. Their offspring have daily low levels of mortality.

Type 1 SC: high survivorship and high life span (human)
Type 2 SC: average survivorship and average life span (dog)
Type 3 SC: low survivorship and low average life span (rabbits)

Question 21

What are the two groups of primates, and what are the synapomorphies?

Answer 21

Prosimians: nocturnal,l tree bound organisms, very small
Anthropods: larger human like individuals
(hominis are part of the anthropods
Hominins: all have:
Large brains
Hands and feet
Parental care
bipedalism

Question 22

Be able to define, in one sentence, the five levels of ecology.

Answer 22

Organismal Ecology is the study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment.

Population ecology population ecology is the study abundance, diversity, distribution, and population change in a population of organisms over time

Community Ecology is the study of how different populations interact with one another

Ecosystem Ecology is the study of how living and non living components interact within their ecosystem

Global Ecology is the study of how different parts of the world interact with one of another

Question 23

What is conservation biology?

Answer 23

The study of how we can remediate the bad effects of humans on the environment

Question 24

What is biogeography?

Answer 24

The study of how and why organisms are dispersed the way they are

Question 25

What two factors limit the distribution of animals? Be able to list some examples of both.

Answer 25

Abiotic and Biotic factors
Abiotic;
Temperature,, moisture,, ph, water availability

Biotic:
competition , parasites, predation