Final Exam Class 4 Community Ecology

Question 1

what is a community?

Answer 1

consists of all the species living in the same place at the same time

Question 2

what is community ecology

Answer 2

explores how species interact with one another

Question 3

what are the 4 types of species interaction?

Answer 3

1. competition
2. commenalism
3. consumption
4. mutualism

Question 4

competition

Answer 4

-/-

Question 5

consumption

Answer 5

+/-

Question 6

commensalism

Answer 6

+/0

Question 7

mutualism

Answer 7

+/+

Question 8

what is a niche

Answer 8

the range of resources a species is able to use or tolerate

Question 9

partial niche overlap

Answer 9

when two species flourish in different areas but they do compete in some areas

Question 10

competition occurs when

Answer 10

the niches of two species overlap

Question 11

compatition can be

Answer 11

intraspecific or interspecific

Question 12

what is competitive exclusion?

Answer 12

the principle that two species cannot occupy the same niche

Question 13

assymmetric competetion occurs

Answer 13

when one species is a better copetitior than the other

Question 14

a weaker competitor will ither

Answer 14

evolve to live in a new niche or go extinct

Question 15

what is a realized niche

Answer 15

if overlap is not complete, tehe weaker competitor may be forced to live in this narrower niche

Question 16

the realizd niche is always equal to or smaller than the

Answer 16

fundamental niche

Question 17

example of intraspecific competition

Answer 17

squirrels steling nuts

Question 18

example of intraspecific competition

Answer 18

squirrels steling nutswhat is character displacement?

Question 19

occurs when the traits of similar competitors changes so that competition is reduced

Answer 19

character displacement

Question 20

what is an example of character displacement?

Answer 20

birds evolving larger beaks than another species so that they can exploit larger seeds as a food resource

Question 21

what is niche differentiation

Answer 21

evolutionary change in resource use caused by competiton

Question 22

niche differentiation is facilitated by

Answer 22

character displacement

Question 23

consumption occurs when

Answer 23

one organisms eats something else

Question 24

3 types of consumption

Answer 24

predation
herbivory
parasitism

Question 25

consumption favors the evolution of

Answer 25

prey defenses

Question 26

what are some examples of prey defenses?

Answer 26

cryptic coloration
escape behavior
toxins
armor of weapons
herds, schooling or flocking

Question 27

defenses can either be

Answer 27

constituted or inducible

Question 28

constitutive defense are

Answer 28

always present even when predators are absent

Question 29

inducible defenses are

Answer 29

only present when predators are present

Question 30

mimicry is an example of

Answer 30

constitutive defense

Question 31

what are the two types of mimicry

Answer 31

batesian mimicry
mullerian mimicry

Question 32

what is batesian mimicry?

Answer 32

when a nonhazardous animal mimics a hazardous
(only one species benefits)

Question 33

what is mullerian mimicry?

Answer 33

two poisonous species imitate each other
both species benefit

Question 34

the impact of consumption is

Answer 34

coevolution and evolutionary arms races
-evolution of traits that increase defense in prey species leads to evolution of traits that increase predation in predators (coevolution)

Question 35

why dont herbivores eat everything?

Answer 35

top down and pottom up control

Question 36

top down control

Answer 36

organisms at upper trophic levels control lower trophic levels ex.) predators reduce herbivores which increase plant numbers

Question 37

bottom up control

Answer 37

organisms at lower trophic levels control upper trophic levels ex.) plant defenses reduce herbivore numbers which reduces predator numbers

Question 38

what is parasitism

Answer 38

when a parasite feeds off of a host for an extended period of time

Question 39

what are the two types of parasitism?

Answer 39

exo and endo parasitism

Question 40

what is commensalism?

Answer 40

occurs when one species benefits and the other is unaffected

Question 41

what is mutualism?

Answer 41

occurs when both species benefit from one another and each have higher fitness together
- the are not being nice
all mutualism is is reciprocal parasitism