Final Exam Class 4 Community Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

what is a community?

A

consists of all the species living in the same place at the same time

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2
Q

what is community ecology

A

explores how species interact with one another

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3
Q

what are the 4 types of species interaction?

A
  1. competition
  2. commenalism
  3. consumption
  4. mutualism
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4
Q

competition

A

-/-

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5
Q

consumption

A

+/-

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6
Q

commensalism

A

+/0

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7
Q

mutualism

A

+/+

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8
Q

what is a niche

A

the range of resources a species is able to use or tolerate

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9
Q

partial niche overlap

A

when two species flourish in different areas but they do compete in some areas

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10
Q

competition occurs when

A

the niches of two species overlap

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11
Q

compatition can be

A

intraspecific or interspecific

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12
Q

what is competitive exclusion?

A

the principle that two species cannot occupy the same niche

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13
Q

assymmetric competetion occurs

A

when one species is a better copetitior than the other

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14
Q

a weaker competitor will ither

A

evolve to live in a new niche or go extinct

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15
Q

what is a realized niche

A

if overlap is not complete, tehe weaker competitor may be forced to live in this narrower niche

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16
Q

the realizd niche is always equal to or smaller than the

A

fundamental niche

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17
Q

example of intraspecific competition

A

squirrels steling nuts

18
Q

example of intraspecific competition

A

squirrels steling nutswhat is character displacement?

19
Q

occurs when the traits of similar competitors changes so that competition is reduced

A

character displacement

20
Q

what is an example of character displacement?

A

birds evolving larger beaks than another species so that they can exploit larger seeds as a food resource

21
Q

what is niche differentiation

A

evolutionary change in resource use caused by competiton

22
Q

niche differentiation is facilitated by

A

character displacement

23
Q

consumption occurs when

A

one organisms eats something else

24
Q

3 types of consumption

A

predation
herbivory
parasitism

25
consumption favors the evolution of
prey defenses
26
what are some examples of prey defenses?
cryptic coloration escape behavior toxins armor of weapons herds, schooling or flocking
27
defenses can either be
constituted or inducible
28
constitutive defense are
always present even when predators are absent
29
inducible defenses are
only present when predators are present
30
mimicry is an example of
constitutive defense
31
what are the two types of mimicry
batesian mimicry mullerian mimicry
32
what is batesian mimicry?
when a nonhazardous animal mimics a hazardous (only one species benefits)
33
what is mullerian mimicry?
two poisonous species imitate each other both species benefit
34
the impact of consumption is
coevolution and evolutionary arms races -evolution of traits that increase defense in prey species leads to evolution of traits that increase predation in predators (coevolution)
35
why dont herbivores eat everything?
top down and pottom up control
36
top down control
organisms at upper trophic levels control lower trophic levels ex.) predators reduce herbivores which increase plant numbers
37
bottom up control
organisms at lower trophic levels control upper trophic levels ex.) plant defenses reduce herbivore numbers which reduces predator numbers
38
what is parasitism
when a parasite feeds off of a host for an extended period of time
39
what are the two types of parasitism?
exo and endo parasitism
40
what is commensalism?
occurs when one species benefits and the other is unaffected
41
what is mutualism?
occurs when both species benefit from one another and each have higher fitness together - the are not being nice all mutualism is is reciprocal parasitism