Bio Exam 3 Class 3 (Green Algae and Plants) Flashcards
why do we study plants
they produce oxygen and food
green plants include:
green algae
land plants (terrestrial and aquatic)
what is an ecosystem service?
any benefit that wildlife or ecosystems provide to people,,
what ecosystems services do land plants provide?>
- they use photosynthesis to make oxygen
- provide food for heterotrophs
- regulate the environment
- erosion control
- renerwable building materials
-pharmaceuticals and biofuels - carbon sinks
at are the steps of photosynthesis?
- draws up water through the roots
- leaves take in CO2
- leaves trap energy from the sun
- pant uses the energy of sunlight to turn water and co2 into sugar and o2
- the plant uses oxygen into the air
- the plant uses the sugars for growth
at are the steps of photosynthesis?
- draws up water through the roots
- leaves take in CO2
- leaves trap energy from the sun
- pant uses the energy of sunlight to turn water and co2 into sugar and o2
- the plant uses oxygen into the air
- the plant uses the sugars for growth-
how do plants regulate their environment
- softens the impact of rain on the soil
- act as giant sponges for water
- provide shade
- prevent landscapes from drying out die to wind
- enhance overall soil holding capacity
- they also prevent erosion
how do biologists study plant evolution
morphology
fossils
phylogenies
where did land plants evolve from?
green algae
when did green algae
700 MYA when oxygen increased in the atmosphere
what are the 5 major radiations of morphological innovations of land plants?
- origin of plants
- Silurian devonian explosion
- carboniferous
- gymnosperm abudant
- angiosperm abundant
origin of plants radiation
- cuticles and spores formed
silurian devonian explosion radiation
- primitive vascular tissue
- roots
-stomata - leaves
- colonized in conjunction with symbiotic fungi
carboniferous radiation
- fossils from coal deposits
- seedless vascular plants
ex.) giant club mosses
gymnosperm abundant radiation
both wet and dry environments had land plants for the first time
- evolution of seeds
- these were much better at surviving dry conditions
- wind driven pollination
angiosperm abundant radiation
the diversification of flowering plants began
- evolution of the flower
- animal driven pollination
ex.) flies, hummingbirds, bees, etc.
why did plants move from aquatic to terrestrial areas?
there i more light and Co2 on land
what are spores?
reproductive cells covered with a sheetlike waxy coating like sporopollenin
sporangia
spore producing organs
what is the cuticle?
a water tight barrier that prevents drying out
what was one of the most innovations that made the transition to land possible for plants?
the cuticle
what was the risk of plants moving from water to land?
they were at risk of drying out
what does the cuticle do?
prevented water loss and UV radiation
what was a problem with the cuticle
it blocked respiration
what do Stomata do?
prevents water loss and regulates gas exchange
what is the function of the stomata
they typically open during the day when a plant is generating energy which allows Co2 to enter then they close at night to prevent water loss
roots
anchor the plant in the ground and soak up water and nutrients
reproductive systems of the flower
female: ovary,, inside the ovary are the ovules, style, stigma
male: sepal (supports the petals), petal, filament, anther, the stamen is the filament and the anther together (there is a diagram on the powerpoint to refer to)
what are the lineages of plants?
green algae
nonvascular plants
vascular plants
gymnosperms
angiosperms
(the last two aka seed plants)
land plants are split into three groups
non vasc, vasc, and seed plants
what are non vasular plants
plants that grow very close to the ground bc they do not have vascular tisseue that can conduct water and provude support
what are examples of green algae?
ulvophytes, stoneworts
what are the habitats of green algae>
freshwater or marine
why are green algae improtant?
they provide oxygenand food
what are examples of nonvas plants:
liverwortd, hornworts, mosses,, llive in terrestrial or freshwater environments
why are non vas plants important
they are important for soil formation
what is the alternation of generations?
individuals exist in either a haploid (gametophyte) or diploid (sporophyte) state
what is a gametophyte>
produces gametes through mitosis
what is a sporophyte?
develops from a zygote produced by fertilization
what is a spore
a single haploid cell produced by meiosis
what is the point of the alternation of generations theory?
sporophytes can make many more spores via meiosis than a single diploid zygote can
- better dispersal on land, so spores can reach distand favorable environments
what are moss sperm like
they have to swim through water to get to the egg
what are two ways that moss sperm can be transported?
splash cups and springtails
- moss in the presence of spring tails have greater reproductive success
why were nonvascular plants prevalent early on?
the plants were in a fight against gravity and wind
the evolution of vascular tissue provided
better support needed for taller upright growth and for the transportation of water
what are lignids?
go look on pwer piint
what are traechids?
long cells that facilitate water transportation in the cell
what is xylem
transports water and minerals up from the roots into the rest of the plants
what is the phloem
transports sugar from the leaves to the rest of the plant
what are some examples of seedless vascular plants?
clubmosses, ferns, horsetails
moist forests
- also have swimming sperm
what are the functions of seedless vascular plants
landscaping and food
how do plants get around drying out>
the cuticle
how did plants get around gravity>
the lignin and traechids
