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Physiology > Vision > Flashcards

Vision Flashcards

1
Q

___ is the ability to bend light

A

Refractive power

Measured by: Diopters

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2
Q

____ is the refractive power of the eye

A

59 diopters

2/3 by the cornea (fixed refractive power)
1/3 by the lens (variable refractive powerr)

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3
Q

The ciliary muscles are ___ (relaxed, tensed) when the lens becomes flat and there is an increased tension from suspensory ligaments

A

relaxed

Ciliary muscles are contracted if the lens is spherical and there is decreased tension from suspensory ligaments

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4
Q

The optic nerve is composed of ___ that combines together

A

ganglion cell’s axons that combines together

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5
Q

___ type of retinal cell that prevents light scattering, converts 11cis retinal to all-trans retinal. damage of this is involved in macular degeneration, retinal detachment, and albinism

A

Pigment Epithelial Cells

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6
Q

This type of retinal cell is absent in the optic disk. It is associated with color blindness.

A

Receptor cells (Rods and cones)

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7
Q

The location in which the rods are most concentrated

A

Parafoveal region

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8
Q

This type of retinal cell are contrast detectors

A

bipolar cells

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9
Q

This type of retinal cell maintains the internal geometry of the retina

A

Muller cells

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10
Q

This type of ganglion cell (output cells of the retina) is responsible for color, form, fine details

A

P cells

M cells is for movement and illumination

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11
Q

During nighttime, this receptor cell is more active

A

Rods - more sensitive to low-intensity light (nighttime, black and white vision)

Cones - more sensitive to high intensity light (Daytime, colorful)

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12
Q

The conversion 11 cis retinal to All-trans retinal leads to the ____ (opening, closure) of Na channels leading to ___ (depolarization, hyperpolarization) resulting to decreased glutamate production.

A

closure of Na Channel leads to hyperpolarization!

Hyperpolarization causes the action potential in vision!

Decrease glutamate leads excitation and depolarization of the INHIBITORY METABOTROPIC GLUTAMATE RECEPTORS

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13
Q

The three cell types that detect shape and orientation of figures

A
  1. Simple cells - responds to bars of light
  2. Complex cells - responds to moving or edges of light
  3. Hypercomplex cells - respond to lines with particular length and to angles
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14
Q

When light strikes the eye, the activity of this increases

A

transducin

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15
Q

the lens is held by ____

A

suspensory ligament (zonula fibers)

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16
Q

[Refractive disorders]

myopia: light converge ___ of retina

A

in front

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17
Q

[Refractive disorders]

myopia: the eyeball is ___

A

long

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18
Q

[Refractive disorders]

myopia: the corrective lens is ____

A

biconcave

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19
Q

a long eyeball needs a ___ corrective lens

A

biconcave

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20
Q

[Refractive disorders]

hyperopia: the eyeball is ____

A

short

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21
Q

[Refractive disorders]

hyperopia: the light rays converge ___ the retina

A

behind

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22
Q

[Refractive disorders]

hyperopia: the corrective lense is

A

convex

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23
Q

the eyeball of a person whose vision is corrected by a convex lens is ___

A

short

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24
Q

Age at which age-related loss of accommodation can happen

A

> 40 years old

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25
Q

inability to read newspaper in elderly people can be due to failure of contraction of the ___

A

ciliary body

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26
Q

this relaxes when a person is looking at a far object

A

ciliary

27
Q

this relaxes when a person is looking at a near object

A

suspensory ligament

28
Q

___ layer is where the ganglion cells combine to form the optic nerve

A

ganglion cell layer

29
Q

[retinal cell]

involved in macular degeneration, retinal detachment, and albinism

A

pigment epithelial cells

30
Q

[retinal cell]

converts 11 cis retinal to all trans retinal

A

pigment epithelial cells

31
Q

[retinal cell]

cells affected in color blindness

A

rods and cones

32
Q

What happens to the acuity when

many rods synapse on a single bipolar cell

A

rod acuity decreases

33
Q

What happens to the sensitivity when

many rods synapse on a single bipolar cell

A

rod sensitivity increases

34
Q

What happens to the acuity when

few cones synapse on a single bipolar cell

A

high acuity of cones

35
Q

What happens to the sensitivity when

few cones synapse on a single bipolar cell

A

sensitivity of cones lowers

36
Q

[retinal cell]

are interneurons. form local circuits. form local circuits with bipolar cells

A

amacrine, horizontal cells

37
Q

[retinal cell]

maintains internal geometry of the retina

A

muller cells

38
Q

[retinal cell]

seen in retinal glial cells

A

muller cells

39
Q

[retinal cell]

ganglion cell involved in illumination and movement

A

M cells

40
Q

[retinal cell]

axons form the optic nerve

A

ganglion cell

41
Q

[retinal cell]

output cell of the retina

A

ganglion cell

42
Q

[retinal cell]

active in daytime vision

A

cones

43
Q

[retinal cell]

active at night

A

rods

44
Q

[site of lesion: right side, guess the affected area]

non-homonymous bitemporal hemianopia

A

optic chiasm

45
Q

[site of lesion: right side, guess the affected area]

contralateral homonymous hemianopsia

A

geniculate tract

46
Q

[site of lesion: right side, guess the affected area]

meyers loop

A

superior left homonymous quadrantanopia

47
Q

[site of lesion: right side, guess the affected area]

pie in the sky

A

superior left homonymous quadrantanopia

48
Q

[site of lesion: right side, guess the affected area]

pie on the floor

A

inferior left homonymous quadrantanopia

49
Q

[neurophysio of the vision]

the closure of Na channels due to decrease in cGMP leads to

A

hyperpolarization

50
Q

[neurophysio of the vision]

hyperpolarization leads to a ____ glutamate release

A

decrease

51
Q

[neurophysio of the vision]

what converts 11-cis retinal to all trans retinal?

A

light

52
Q

[neurophysio of the vision]

before transducin activation all trans retinal will initially first become

A

metarhodopsin

53
Q

[neurophysio of the vision]

activation of phosphodiesterase leads to ___

A

decrease in cGMP

54
Q

[neurophysio of the vision]

this activate phosphodiesterase

A

transducin

55
Q

[neurophysio of the vision]

the activity of this increases when light strikes the eye

A

activity of transducin

56
Q

The center of the receptive field is formed by ___

A

receptor cells connected to ganglion cells

57
Q

the receptor cells and ganglion cells are connected by ___ cells

A

bipolar

58
Q

the surround of receptive field of the ganglion cells is formed by ____

A

receptor cells

59
Q

the receptor fields that form the surround of the receptive field are connected by

A

horizontal cells

60
Q

[cells in visual cortex]

___ cells respond to bars of lights

A

simple cells

61
Q

[cells in visual cortex]

___ cells respond to moving bars or edges of light

A

complex cells

62
Q

[cells in visual cortex]

___ cells respond to lines with particular length

A

hypercomplex cells

63
Q

[cells in visual cortex]

___ cells respond to curves/angles

A

hypercomplex cells

64
Q

[cells in visual cortex]

name the 3 types of cells that detect shape and orientation in the visual cortex

A

simple cells
complex cells
hypercomplex cells

Physiology (47 decks)

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