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Physiology > Motor Systems and Cerebellum > Flashcards

Motor Systems and Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

The nerve fiber of the muscle sensor during static and dynamic muscle changes

A

Group Ia and II afferents (in parallel)

The muscle spindle plays a role in dynamic changes

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2
Q

The nerve fiber of the muscle sensor that is activated when the muscle is tensed

A

Group Ib afferents in series

The golgi tendon plays a role in muscle tension.

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3
Q

The muscle sensor for vibration is the pacinian corpuscle. It has group ___ nerve fiber.

A

Group II

Remember: Vibratwo!

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4
Q

Noxius stimuli is detected by group III and IV nerve fibers. It uses ___ muscle sensor.

A

Free Nerve Endings

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5
Q

This motoneuron maintains the group 1a afferent activity during muscle contraction

A

Gamma: Intrausal

Alpha: Extrafusal

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6
Q

The golgi-tendon reflex has ____ number of synapses that is triggered when the muscle contracts resulting to antagonistic muscle relaxation

A

di-synaptic.

Remember, Golgi-Tendon, Di synaptic, stimulated by contractions, resulting to relaxation

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7
Q

Nuclear chain fibers are arrange in rows. This detects ____ changes

A

Static changes

Nuclear bag detects dynamic changes

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8
Q

Transection at the spinal cord level leads to ___, ____, and _____

A
  1. Paraplegia
  2. Loss of conscious sensation
  3. Spinal shock
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9
Q

Transection above the lateral vestibular nucleus or pontine reticular formation and midbrain leads to _____ rigidity

A

decerebrate

Lesions above the red nucleus results to decorticate posturing but intact tonic neck reflexes

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10
Q

These are pathways that originate in the brainstem structures

A

extrapyramidal tracts

Pyramidal tracts passes through the medullary pyramids

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11
Q

[muscle sensors]

The group Ia and II afferents nerve fiber supplying a muscle spindle responds to changes in muscle ___ (length/tension)

A

length

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12
Q

[muscle sensors]

the group Ib afferents responds to changes in muscle ___ (length/tension)

A

tension

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13
Q

[muscle sensors]

The nerve fibers responsible for static and dynamic changes in muscle length are arranged in ___ (parallel/series) with respect to the extrafusal fibers

A

parallel

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14
Q

[muscle sensors]

The nerve fibers responsible for changes in muscle tension are arranged in ___ (parallel/series) with respect to the extrafusal fibers

A

series

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15
Q

muscle sensor for changes in length

A

muscle spindle

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16
Q

muscle sensor for changes in tension

A

golgi tendon organs

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17
Q

muscle spindle fiber are arranged in ___ (parallel/series) with respect to extrafusal fibers

A

parallel

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18
Q

golgi tendon organs are arranged in ___ (parallel/series) with respect to extrafusal fibers

A

series

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19
Q

[muscle sensors]

muscle sensor for position sense

A

muscle spindle and golgi tendon

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20
Q

between muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs, which are intrafusal fibers?

A

muscle spindle

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21
Q

[motor neuron]

___ is the motorneuron of extrafusal fibers

A

alpha

AEGIs

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22
Q

[motor neuron]

___ is the motorneuron of intrafusal fibers

A

gamma

AEGIs

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23
Q

The motorneuron that causes appropriate muscle contraction and shortening

A

alpha

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24
Q

the motor neuron that is co-activated during muscle contraction

A

gamma

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25
Q

[muscle reflexes]

Stimulus: muscle is stretched
Response: muscle contraction

A

Stretch reflex

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26
Q

[muscle reflexes]

Stimulus: muscle contracts
Response: muscle relaxation

A

golgi-tendon reflex

inverse stretch reflex

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27
Q

[muscle reflexes]

Stimulus: pain
Response: ipsilateral flexion, contralateral flexion

A

Flexor-Withdawal reflex

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28
Q

[muscle reflexes]

monosynaptic
type Ia nerve fiber

A

stretch reflex

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29
Q

[muscle reflexes]

disynaptic
Type Ib nerve fiber

A

inverse stretch reflex (golgi tendon reflex)

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30
Q

[muscle reflexes]

polysynaptic
Type II, III, IV

A

flexor-withdrawal reflex

hint: type III and IV = type C = unmyelinated = pain

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31
Q

voluntary motor movements originate in the ____ areas

A

cerebral cortical association areas

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32
Q

[voluntary motor movement]

this area of the brain coordinates the planning ang execution of a voluntary muscle motor movement

A

premotor and motor cortex

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33
Q

[voluntary motor movement]

pyramidal tracts that are essential for voluntary movements

A

corticospinal tract

corticobulbar tract

34
Q

[voluntary motor movement]

area of the brain (gyrus) that plays a role in voluntary motor movements

A

precentral

35
Q

[voluntary motor movement]

all pyramidal tracts pass pass through this part of the brain

A

medullary pyramids

36
Q

[voluntary motor movement]

the brainstem is made up of

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

37
Q

[extrapyramidal tract: cite the distribution]

rubrospoinal tract

A

red nucleus to interneurons

38
Q

[extrapyramidal tract: cite the distribution]

pontine reticulospinal tract

A

pons to ventromedial SC

39
Q

[extrapyramidal tract: cite the distribution]

medullary reticulospinal tract

A

medullary reticular formation to spinal cord interneurons in the gray area

40
Q

[extrapyramidal tract: cite the distribution]

lateral vestibulospinal tract

A

from Deiters nucleus to ipsilateral motorneurons and interneurons

41
Q

[extrapyramidal tract: cite the distribution]

tectospinal tract

A

from superior colliculus to cervical spinal cord

42
Q

[extrapyramidal tract]

stimulate: flexors
Inhibits: extensors

A

rubrospinal tract

43
Q

[extrapyramidal tract]

stimulate: flexors, extensors (main)
Inhibits: —–

A

pontine reticulospinal tract

44
Q

[extrapyramidal tract]

stimulate: ——-
Inhibits: flexors, extensors (main)

A

medullary reticulospinal tract

45
Q

[extrapyramidal tract]

stimulate: extensors
Inhibits: flexors

A

lateral vestibulospinal tract

46
Q

[extrapyramidal tract]

controls neck muscles

A

tectospinal tract

47
Q

[transection at the SC]

loss of voluntary movements, the transection is ___ (above/below) the lesion

A

below the lesion

48
Q

[transection at the SC]

in spinal shock, the reflexes are absent ___ (immediately, 11 mins after, 10 mins) after transection

A

immediately

49
Q

[transection at the SC]

HR and BP decreases.

location of SC transection?

A

C7

50
Q

[transection at the SC]

breathing stops! :(

location of SC transection?

A

C3

51
Q

[transection at the SC]

transection of the SC at this cervical level can easily result to death

A

C1

52
Q

[transection above the SC]

lesions above the lateral vestibular nucleus results in ___ (decerebrate/decorticate) rigidity

A

decerebrate

because the lateral vestibulospinal tract stimulates extensor, damage here leads to unopposed extensor

53
Q

[transection above the SC]

lesions below the pontine reticular formation and midbrain results in ___ (decerebrate/decorticate rigidity)

A

decerebrate

because the pontine reticulospinal tract mainly stimulates extensor, there will be unopposed extensor

54
Q

[transection above the SC]

lesions above the red nucleus leads to ____ (decerebrate/decorticate) posture

A

decorticate

rubrospinal tract (red nucleus) mainly stimulates flexion. This there will be unopposed flexion

55
Q

[nuclear bag/chain]

detect dynamic changes
group Ia sensory fiber

A

nuclear bag

56
Q

[nuclear bag/chain]

detect static changes
group II sensory fiber

A

nuclear chain

57
Q

[type of gamma motor fiber]

ends characterized as TRAIL ending (efferent) at the nuclear chain fiber

A

static gamma motor fiber

58
Q

[type of gamma motor fiber]

ends characterized as PLATE ending (efferent) at the nuclear bag fiber

A

dynamic gamma motor fiber

59
Q

[type of sensory fiber]

primary ending, both afferent at the nuclear bag and chain fiber

A

group Ia afferent

60
Q

[type of sensory fiber]

secondary ending, the afferent ending at the nuclear chain fiber

A

group II afferent

61
Q

[stretch reflex]

patellar knee jerk stimulates what type of afferent nerve fiber

A

Ia

62
Q

[stretch reflex]

knee jerk reflex results in contraction of what muscle

A

quadriceps muscle

63
Q

transection at the level of spinal cord,

the reflexes can/cannot recover after several hours to a few weeks

A

can

64
Q

transection at the level of spinal cord,

the loss of conscious sensation will be ___ (above/below) leve of lesion

A

below

65
Q

[cerebellum]

control balance and eye movement

A

vestibulocerebellum

66
Q

[cerebellum]

for planning and initiation of movement

A

pontocerebellum

67
Q

[cerebellum]

controls the rate, force, range, direction of movements

A

spinocerebellum

68
Q

[cerebellum: clinical conditions]

loss of muscle coordination, delay initiation, poor execution of movement sequence

A

ataxia

69
Q

[cerebellum: clinical conditions]

failure to perform rapid alternating movements

A

dysdiadochokinesia

70
Q

[cerebellum: clinical conditions]

low frequency tremor bu increases as an extremity approaches the endpoint of deliberate and visually guided movement

A

intention tremor

71
Q

[cerebellum: clinical conditions]

failure of antagonistic muscle to contract after removal of resistance to limb movement

A

absent rebound phenomenon

72
Q

[layers of the cerebellar cortex]

___ layer has outputs that are always inhibitory, using GABA

A

purkinje cell layer

73
Q

[layers of the cerebellar cortex]

___ layer

only output of the cerebellar cortex; modulates rate, range, and direction of movement

A

purkinje cell layer

74
Q

[Neural connection in the cerebellum]

___ cell releases glutamate leading to excitation of the basket and stellate cells

A

granule cells

(Excite) GR –> BC,NC

75
Q

[Neural connection in the cerebellum]

___ releases GABA which inhibits purkinje cells

A

Basket cells

(Inhibit) BC –> PC –> NC

76
Q

[Neural connection in the cerebellum]

____ cell releases glutamate

A

granule cells

77
Q

[Neural connection in the cerebellum]

____ cell releases GABA

A

basket cells, purkinje cells

78
Q

[Neural connection in the cerebellum]

___ cell releases GABA which inhibits cerebellar nuclei

A

purkinje cells

79
Q

[Neural connection in the cerebellum]

____ exerts a strong excitatory effect on purkinje cells

A

climbing and mossy fiber inputs

80
Q

[Neural connection in the cerebellum]

this cell is excited by mossy fiber collaterals

A

golgi cells

Physiology (47 decks)

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