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Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What hormones are produced by your anterior pituitary?

A
  1. FSH
  2. LH
  3. ACTH
  4. TSH
  5. Prolactin
  6. Growth hormone
  7. MSH
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2
Q

What hormones are produced by your hypothalamus?

A
  1. GnRH
  2. CRH
  3. TRH
  4. GHRH
  5. Somatostatin
  6. Dopamine
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3
Q

What are examples of your protein hormones

A
  1. Insulin
  2. Glucagon
  3. Growth hormone
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4
Q

What is the MOA

and final effect of your water-soluble hormones?

A
  1. Utilize GPCR and 2nd messenger

2. Activates existing intracellylar enzymes via phosphorylation

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5
Q

What is the MOA and final effect of your lipid soluble enzymes?

A
  1. Causes transcription of genes

2. Synthesizes intracellular enzymes

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6
Q

In negative feed back, the final products become ____

A

limited.

Increased product, decreases secretion

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7
Q

What are examples of you positive feedback mechanism?

A
  1. Oxytocin during breastfeeding and delivery

2. Estrogen-induced LH and FSH surge during ovulation

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8
Q

___ refers to increase in number or receptor sensitivity

A

upregulation

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9
Q

____ refers to decrease in receptor number or sensitivity

A

downregulation

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10
Q

What are the 3 subunits of your GPCR?

A
  1. alpha
  2. beta
  3. Gamma
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11
Q

What is the most important subunit of your GPCR?

A

alpha subunits

it binds with GDP (inactivates G protein) or GTP (activates G protein)

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12
Q

binding of alpha subunit with GDP leads to (activation/inactivation_ of GPCR

A

inactivation

binding to GTP activates GPCR

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13
Q

What is the second messenger used in activating protein kinase A?

A

cAMP

Alpha subunit of G protein activates adenylate cyclase, converts ATP to cAMP, activates PKA

PKA phosphorylates proteins!

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14
Q

Which hypothalamic hormone does not use IP3/DAG 2nd messenger system?

A

CRH

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15
Q

What is the second messenger system used by ANP and NO?

A

Guanylyl cyclase

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16
Q

What is the second messenger system used by IGF?

A

Tyrosine Kinase System

Same with insulin

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17
Q

What is the second messenger system used by TGF beta?

A

Serin/Threonine Kinase

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18
Q

What is the second messenger system used by catecholamines?

A

Gi

inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, decrease camp, inhbit PKA, decrease phosphorylation

AND Gs

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19
Q

What is the second messenger system used by ADH (V2)?

A

Gs

same with CRH

pituitary hormones

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20
Q

What is the second messenger system used by ADH )V1)?

A

Gq

activates PLC, PIP, IP3/DAG, Ca and PKC release

Hypothalamic hormones

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21
Q

Thyroid hormones bind to what receptors prior to taking effect?

A

Nuclear receptor

  1. Aldosterone
  2. Testosterone
  3. Estrogen
  4. Prgesterone
  5. Vitamin D3
  6. T3/T4
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22
Q

Cortisol binds to what receptor before it triggers gene transcription to create new proteins

A

Cytoplasmic receptor

Steroid hormones = cytoplasmic receptor

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23
Q

A water soluble hormone that acts as steroid hormone by binding to nuclear receptor prior to gene transcription

A

Thyroid hormone

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24
Q

Pituitary gland is derived from what germ layer?

A

Ectoderm

Oral ectoderm

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25
Q

What are the basophilic cells found in the anterior pituitary gland

A

B FLAT

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, MSH

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26
Q

What hormones are secreted by the neural ectoderm-derived cells

A

Neural ectoderm = Posterior pitutary = ADH, Oxytocin

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27
Q

What hormone increases milk secretion?

A

Oxytocin

Prolactin is for milk production

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28
Q

Oxytocin is synthesized by what part of the body

A

Paraventricular nuceli of the anterior hypothalamus.

it is stored mainly in the posterior pituitary

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29
Q

Vasopressin is synthesized by what part of the body

A

supraoptic nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus,

it is stored and secreted in the posterior pituitary

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30
Q

[name the anterior pituitary hormone and target organ hormone]

GHRH

A
  1. GH

2. IGF-1

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31
Q

[name the anterior pituitary hormone and target organ hormone]

somatostatin

A
  1. Somatotropin

2. Somatomedin

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32
Q

[name the anterior pituitary hormone and target organ hormone]

TRH

A
  1. TSH

2. T3, T4

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33
Q

[name the anterior pituitary hormone and target organ hormone]

CRH

A
  1. ACTH
  2. GC
  3. MC
  4. Weak androgens
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34
Q

[name the anterior pituitary hormone and target organ hormone]

GnRH

A
  1. FSH, LH

2. Estrogen, Progesterone, testosterone

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35
Q

[name the anterior pituitary hormone and target organ hormone]

Dopamine

A
  1. Prolactin

2. Prolactin

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36
Q

If the pituitary stalk is damaged, which of the hormones will not decrease

A

Prolactin

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37
Q

What are the majority type of cells found in the anterior pituitary?

A
  1. Somatotropes 40%

2. Corticotropes 20%

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38
Q

What hormones found in the anterior pituitary has the same alpha unit but unique beta unit?

A
  1. TSH
  2. LH
  3. FSH
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39
Q

What hormones in the pituitary gland are derived from propiomelanocortin (POMC)?

A
  1. MSH
  2. ACTH
  3. Beta-lipotropin
  4. Beta-endorphon
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40
Q

Growth hormone is produced every?

A

2 hours

pulsatile

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41
Q

GH peaks after what stage of sleep?

A

Stage 3 or 4

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42
Q

To exert is effect, GH requires activation of what pathway ___

A

JAK2-STAT apthway

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43
Q

What are the indirect actions of GH?

A
  1. Increase bone length
  2. protein synthesis in muscles and other organs
  3. Increase lean body mass
  4. Increase organ size
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44
Q

What are the DIRECT actions of IGF-1?

A
  1. Increase bone length
  2. protein synthesis in muscles and other organs
  3. Increase lean body mass
  4. Increase organ size
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45
Q

Wha are the direct actions of GH?

A
  1. Increae plasma glucose
  2. Increase protein deposition
  3. Increase lipolysis
  4. Increase IGF-1
  5. Anti aging
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46
Q

What decreases secretion of GH?

A
  1. Hyperglycemia
  2. High fatty acid levels
  3. Aging
  4. Obesity
  5. Somatostatin
  6. Exogenous GH
  7. Somatomedin
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47
Q

Most common cause of growth hormone deficiency?

A

achondroplasi

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48
Q

Gigantism occurs ___ (before/after) closure of epiphyses

A

before

Acromegaly - after

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49
Q

Prolactin stimulates the synthesis of what compounds

A
  1. Lactose
  2. Casein
  3. Lipids
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50
Q

What hormone inhibits GnRH release?

A

prolactin

Inhibits ovulation, inhibits spermatogenesis

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51
Q

Osmoreceptors in the ____ detect ECF changes which in turn triggers ADH release

A

Organum Vasculosum (in the anteroventral wall of the 3rd ventricle)

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52
Q

What is the most potent stimulus for ADH release?

A

Increase in plasma osmolarity

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53
Q

What type of second messenger system is employed by the ADH receptors located in the blood vessel?

A

V1 receptor = Vasoconstrict = IP3/DAG

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54
Q

What type of ADH receptor is used by AQP inserting in the late distal tubule and collecting ducts?

A

V2 = 2 kidney = cAMP

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55
Q

contraction of the myoepithelial cells is due to what hormone?

A

oxytocin

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56
Q

Thyroid hormone can be stored for how many months in the follicular lumen?

A

3 months

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57
Q

What cell in the thyroid gland secrete calcitonin?

A

Thyroid Parafollicular Cells

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58
Q

What cell in the parathyroid gland produces PTH?

A

Chief cells

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59
Q

What protein is used to transport iodide to follicular lumen

A

Pendrin

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60
Q

Thyroglobulin and extrusion into follicular lumen happens in the ____ of the cell

A

RER, Golgi apparatus

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61
Q

The hydrolysis of T3 and T4 due to proteases happens in the

A

lysosome

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62
Q

What transporter causes transport of Iodide from the blood to the follicular cell

A

Na-I Symporter

63
Q

[T3/T4]

Longer half life (6 days)

64
Q

[T3/T4]

has a higher affinity for binding plasma protein

65
Q

[T3/T4]

Has more affinity for binding to nuclear receptors

66
Q

[T3/T4]

onset of action is within 12 hours (fast)

67
Q

[T3/T4]

majority of of the hormone that is synthesized

68
Q

Hormone implicated for muscle vigor if increased

A

Thyroid hormone

69
Q

What hormone, if increased, can cause somnolence

A

Thyroid hormone

70
Q

Anterior pituirary hormone that if decreased is associated with cholesterol level increase

A

Thyroid Hormone

71
Q

Anterior pituirary hormone that if decreased is associated with cholesterol level increase

A

Thyroid Hormone

72
Q

___ refers to reduction of T3 and T4 level after ingesting large amount of Iodine

A

Wolf-Chaikoff Effect

73
Q

___ refers to hyperthyroidism after ingestion of iodine in patients with goiter

A

Jod-basedow phenomenon

74
Q

In the adrenal medulla, what is secreted more, NE or Epi?

A

Epi 80%

NE 20%

75
Q

What enzyme is stimulated by ACTH to facilitate production of adrenocortical hormones?

A

cholesterol desmolase

converts cholesterol to pregnenolone

76
Q

Enumerate the steps in aldosterone synthesis

A
  1. Pregnenolone
  2. Progesterone
  3. 11DOC
  4. Corticosterone
  5. Aldosterone

Remember: PP11CA

77
Q

Enumerate the steps in cortisol synthesis

A
  1. Pregnenolone
  2. 11-OH Pregnenolone
  3. 17-OHprogesterone
  4. 11DCort
  5. Cort

Remember, Preg 17,17,11 Cortisol

78
Q

Enumerate the steps in androstenedione synthesis

A
  1. Pregnenolon
  2. 17-OHpregnenolone
  3. DHEAS
  4. Androstene dione
79
Q

What hormone is stimulated by angiotensin II?

A

Aldosterone synthase

Corticosterone to aldosterone

80
Q

What is the effect of aldosterone to eNACs?

A

increases transport of ENaCs from cytoplasm to cell membrane

81
Q

What hormone has the greatest effect on Na excretion?

A

Aldosterone

82
Q

What hormone has the greatest effect on plasma osmolality?

83
Q

Cortisol is highest when?

A

before waking up

84
Q

What are the carbohydrate effects of cortisol?

A
  1. Stimulates gluconeogenesis
  2. Increases protein catabolism
  3. Decreases glucose utilization and insulin sensitivity of adipose tissue
85
Q

What are the protein effects of cortisol?

A
  1. decrease cellular proteins
  2. Increase blood amino acids
  3. Increase liver and plasma proteins
86
Q

What are the fat effects of cortisol?

A

Increase lopolysis

87
Q

Cortisol induces the synthesis of what compound that inhibits phospolipase A2 in return

A

Lipocortin

88
Q

Exogenous glucocorticoids inhibit the action of what _____

A

NF-KB

factor-KB

89
Q

How does cortisol maintain vascular responsiveness to catecholamines?

A
  1. Upregulates alpha 1 receptor on arterioles
  2. Increase Epi vasoconstrictor effect
  3. Increases BP
90
Q

How does cortisol inhibit bone formation?

A
  1. Inhibits type 1 collage
  2. decrease formation new bone by osteoblast
  3. decrease Ca absorption
91
Q

[Diagnose]

hypotension, hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis

hypoglycemia, anorexia, weight loss, weakness

decreased pubic hair and axillary harir

hyperpigmentation

A

Addison disease

  1. Low aldosterone
  2. Low cortisol
  3. Low weak androgen
  4. Hyperpigmentation
92
Q

[Diagnose]

Hypertension
Hypokalemia
Metabolic alkalosis
Decreased renin

A

Conn Syndrome

93
Q

[Diagnose]

Virilization in women
pseudoprecocious puberty in men, early acceleration of linear growth

A

21-beta hydroxylase deficiency

94
Q

What hormones are secreted by the beta cells in the Islet of langerhans?

A
  1. Insulin
  2. Amylin

central islet

95
Q

What hormones are secreted by the alpha cells in the Islet of langerhans?

A
  1. Glucagon

outer rim of islet

96
Q

What hormones are secreted by the delta cells in the Islet of langerhans?

A

Somatostatin

intermixed in the islet

97
Q

What hormones are secreted by the F cells in the Islet of langerhans?

A

Pancreatic polypeptide

98
Q

What are the actions of glucagon?

A
  1. Glycogenolysis, Gluconeogenesis
  2. Lipolysis
  3. Inc urea production
  4. Inc insulin
99
Q

What is the half life of insulin?

100
Q

What is the 2nd messenger of Insulin?

A

TK receptor

101
Q

[Glucagon/Insulin]

What hormone will be secreted if

  1. High plasma AA
  2. High plasma FA
  3. High glucose
A

Insulin

Effects:

  1. Cellular glucose uptake
  2. Increase protein synthesis
  3. Lipogenesis
  4. In K intake
  5. Decrease glycogenolysis, dec gluconeogenesis
102
Q

[Glucagon/Insulin]

What hormone will be secreted if

  1. High plasma AA
  2. Low plasma glucose
A

Glucagon

Effect:

  1. Glycogenolysis
  2. Gluconeogenesis
103
Q

Physiologic secretion of growth hormone is increased by:

A

Hypoglycemia

104
Q

What are the components of your ground substances?

A
  1. ECF
  2. Chondroitin sulfate
  3. Hyaluronic acid
105
Q

What is the role of collagen fibers in the organic matrix of the bone?

A
  1. For tensile strength
106
Q

What compound contributes to the compressional strength of the bones?

A

Calcium hydroxyapatite

107
Q

What compounds are secreted by your osteoblasts?

A
  1. Collagen

2. Ground substances - calcium precipitates

108
Q

What are secreted by your osteoclasts?

A
  1. Lysosomal enzymes
  2. Citric Acid
  3. Lactic Acid
109
Q

99% of the bone is composed of

A

hydroxyapatite

110
Q

Vitamin D is primarily absorbed by ___

A

simple diffusion

111
Q

What is the active form of Vitamin D

A

1,25 dihydroxy-cholecalciferol (calcitriol)

112
Q

What is the inactive form of vitamin D?

A

24,25 dihydroxy-cholecalciferol

accumulates in hypercalcemia

113
Q

What electrolytes are increased by Vitamin D?

A
  1. Calcium

2. Phosphate

114
Q

What cells secrete PTH

A

Chief Cells of the parathyroid glrand

115
Q

What is the stimulus for PTH secretion?

A

low plasma calcium

116
Q

What decrease in electrolyte causes PTH secretion (aside from Ca)

117
Q

Hypomagnesemia that is due to ____ does not trigger PTH secretion

A

alcoholism

118
Q

What is the stimulus for the release of calcitonin by the parafollicular C cells of the thyroid gland

A

high plasma Ca

119
Q

PTH has/has no effect in Calcium and phosphate absorption in the stomach?

A

Has no effect

120
Q

The full development of seminiferous duct require what hormone?

A
  1. Androgen

2. FSH

121
Q

What enzyme is present in the prostate gland that converts testosterone to DHT

A

5-alpha redutase

122
Q

Trace the path of teh semen

A
  1. Seminefrous tubules
  2. Epiddymis
  3. Vas deferens
  4. Ejaculatory duct
    N
  5. Urethra
  6. Penis
123
Q

Hormone involved in reproduction and sex drive

124
Q

Which part of the brain controls the circadian rhythm?

A
  1. Suprachaismatic nuclei of the hypothalamus

2. Regulated by pineal gland through melatonin

125
Q

FSH and LH are at their highest in what women age group?

A
  1. FSH and LH
126
Q

What is the strongest androgen?

A
  1. DHT
  2. Testosterone
  3. Androstenedione
127
Q

What neurotransmitters are used in erection

A
  1. Nitric Oxide

2. Ach

128
Q

A low sperm count means that

A

<20 million sperms/mL

129
Q

The sperm viability is ___ days

130
Q

What hormone plays a role in differentiation of penis, scrotum and prostate

131
Q

What hormone affects the growth of prostate

132
Q

[Forms of estrogen]

Estrone is secreted by?

A
  1. Adrenal cortex

2. Thecal cell

133
Q

[Forms of estrogen]

Estradiol is secreted by

134
Q

[Forms of estrogen]

Estriol is secreted by

135
Q

What enzyme catalyzes the conversion of androstendione to estrone and testosterone?

136
Q

What enzyme is stimulated by FSH?

A

Aromatase in the granulosa cell

137
Q

What organs in the body secrete progesterone?

A
  1. Corpus luteum
  2. Placenta
  3. Adrenal cortex
  4. Testes
138
Q

What hormone is responsible for the thinning of cervical mucus?

139
Q

What drug can be used to reduce the incidence of hot flushes?

140
Q

What hormone causes proliferation of uterus?

A

Estrogen

causes selective negative feedback (decrease LH) in the follicular phase

141
Q

What triggers ovulation?

A
  1. Estrogen-induced LH surge
142
Q

The increase in basal body temperature is due to what hormone

A

progesterone

143
Q

What hormone increases vascularity and secretory activity of the endometrium?

A

progesterone

causes non-selective negative feedback (decrease both FSH andLH)

144
Q

The usual location of fertilization

A

Ampulla of the fallopian tubes

145
Q

HCG levels will week at what week AOG

146
Q

HCG will start to increase at what days post ovulation

A

6-8 days

Declines at 20 weeks AOG

147
Q

During the second and third trimester, estriol will come from

A
  1. Fetal adrenal gland
  2. Fetal liver
    3/ Placenta
148
Q

During pregnancy the GnRH level, increases/decreases?

149
Q

What protein hormone that is produced by the corpus luteum of the uterus, placenta, and mammary gland

150
Q

Relaxin is also produced by makes in which organ?

A

Prostate gland

151
Q

What is the effect of relaxin during pregnancy?

A
  1. Relaxes pubic symphysis

2. Softens and dilates the cervix

152
Q

What is the effect of relaxin in males?

A
  1. Maintains sperm motility

2. Aid in sperm penetration

153
Q

What is the trigger onset of fetal labor?

A

fetal ACTH

154
Q

What are the changes in baby’s first breath?

A
  1. Increase PaO2
  2. Decrease pulmonary vascular resistance
  3. Increased systemic vascular resistance

Physiology (47 decks)

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