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1
Q

What is the role of the inner circular muscle of the GIT?

A

decreases diameter of lumen

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2
Q

What muscle shortens the segment of GIT?

A

Outer longitudinal layer

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3
Q

What layer of the GI muscle controls GI secretions?

A

Muscularis Muscle

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4
Q

What is the extrinsic, parasympathetic nerve supplying the esophagus and upper large intestine

A

vagus nerve

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5
Q

What is the role of the intrinsic innervation in the GIT?

A

coordinates and relays info from ANS to GIT

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6
Q

What is intrinsic innervation between the submucosa and inner circular muscle layer?

A

Meissner Plexus

Remember: Miss Sub Secs

Meissner = Submucosa = Secretion

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7
Q

What is the intrinsic innervation between inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle layer of the GIT

A

Auerbach Plexus

Remember, My Back

Myenteric = Aurbach

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8
Q

Which intrinsic innervation plays a role in GI secretion?

A

Meissner = Submucosal plexus = Secretions

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9
Q

What intrinsic innervation plays a role in GIT motility?

A

Myenteric = Auerbach = Motility

Remember, My Bach Moves

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10
Q

What layer is not seen in the esophagus

A

serosa

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11
Q

What is the strongest layer of the esophagus?

A

submucosa

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12
Q

What are the 3 layers of the stomach?

A

inner oblique, middle circular, outer longitudinal

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13
Q

Myenteric plexus is inhibitory in which part of the GIT?

A
  1. Pyloric Sphincter

2. Ileocecal Valve

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14
Q

[GI Hormone]

Its release is triggered by proteins and amino acids

A

Gastrin

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15
Q

What amino acids trigger gastrin release

A

MWF

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16
Q

G cells secreting gastrin is located in which part of the stomach?

A

antrum

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17
Q

What are the actions of gastrin?

A
  1. Stimulate parietal cells in fundus to secrete HCl

2. Growth of gastric mucosa

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18
Q

[GI Hormone]

What hormone is triggered by fatty acids

A

CCK

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19
Q

What cell secretes CCK?

A

I cells

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20
Q

Which part of the GIT tract where I cells secrete CCK

A

duodenum

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21
Q

What are the actions of CCK

A
  1. GB contraction, sphincter of oddi relaxation
  2. Increase GET
  3. Increase pancreatic enzyme secretion
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22
Q

What triggers the release of secretin?

A
  1. Presence of H+ in the duodenum

2. Fatty acids in duodenum

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23
Q

What cells secrete the hormone secretin?

A

S cell

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24
Q

S cells that secrete secretin is located in which part of the GIT?

A

duodenum

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25
Q

What are the actions of your secretin?

A
  1. Inhibit HCl secretion

2. Increases biliary and pancreatic HCO3

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26
Q

What GI hormone is not affected by the hormine secretin?

A

pancreatic enzyme

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27
Q

The release of GIP is triggered by ____

A

increase in oral glucose

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28
Q

What cell in the GIT secrete the hormone GIP

A

K cells

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29
Q

What is the action of your GIP?

A
  1. Inhibit gastric emptying above normal physiologic levels
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30
Q

What triggers the secretion of motilin

A

Fasting

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31
Q

What cell in the GIT secrete motilin?

A

M cells

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32
Q

M cells that secrete motilin is seen in which part of the GIT?

A

duodenum and jejunum

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33
Q

What are the actions of your motilin?

A
  1. Activate interdigestive/MMC

2. Acts only on the stomach and small intestine

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34
Q

What hormone opposes the release of HCl?

A

Secretin

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35
Q

What is the net effect of the release of GIP

A

increased insulin

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36
Q

What cells in the GIT secrete GLP-1?

A

L cells of the small intestin

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37
Q

What GI hormone is stimulated by CHO rich meal?

A

GLP

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38
Q

What are examples of you incretin?

A
  1. GIP
  2. GLP
  3. Glucagon
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39
Q

What are examples of your GI paracrine hormones?

A
  1. Somatostatin

2. Histamin

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40
Q

What hormone inhibits the release of ALL GI hormones

A

Somatostatin

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41
Q

What cells in the gastric mucosa secrete histamine?

A

mast cell

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42
Q

What is the action of histamine int he GIT?

A
  1. Increase H+ secretion
  2. Inhibits insulin
  3. Inhibit glucagon
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43
Q

What are examples of you GIT neurocrines?

A
  1. VIP
  2. Enkephalin
  3. GRP (bombesin)
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44
Q

VIP is a neurocrine hormone of the GIT that relaxes what structures int eh GIT?

A
  1. Relaxes LES
  2. Orad stomach
  3. Pyloric sphincter
  4. Ileocecal valve

Ultimate muscle relaxant

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45
Q

What is the role of VIP in HCO3 and H+?

A
  1. Stimulates HCO3 secretion

2. Inhibits gastric H secretion

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46
Q

what hormone is involved in your pancreatic cholera?

A

VIP

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47
Q

What neurocrine hormone inhibits the secretion of fluids and electrolytes in the GIT?

A

Enkephalins

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48
Q

What are the types of enkephalins seen in the GIT?

A
  1. met enkephalin

2. Leu enkephalin

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49
Q

What is the action of enkephalin in the GIT sphincters?

A
  1. Contracts LES
  2. Contracts Pyloric sphincter
  3. Contracts Ileocecal valve
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50
Q

What neurocrin stimulates the release of gastrin from G cells?

A

GRP (Bombesin)

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51
Q

[Brain part]

inhibits appetite, found in the ventromedial hypotalamus

A

satiety center

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52
Q

[Brain part]

the appetite/hunger center is located in which part of the brain?

A

Lateral hypothalamic

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53
Q

The arcuate nucleus is important in GIT. It sends signals to ____

A

Satiety and hunger center

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54
Q

Which neuron releases POMC to decrease the appetite?

A

Anorexigenic neurons

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55
Q

What is released by your orexigenic neurons to increase appetite?

A

Neuropeptide Y

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56
Q

What hormones stimulate anorexigenic neurons and inhibits orexigenic neurons?

A
  1. Leptin
  2. Insulin
  3. GLP-1
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57
Q

What hormone inhibits anorexigenic neurons that is secreted by gastric cells?

A

ghrelin

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58
Q

What inhibits the secretion of ghrelin?

A

Peptide YY

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59
Q

Which part of the GIT tract is not made up of unitary smooth muscle?

A
  1. Pharynx
  2. Upper 1/3 of the esophagus
  3. External anal sphincter
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60
Q

Tonic contractions of the GIT can be seen in _____

A
  1. Upper region of the stomach
  2. Lower esophagus
  3. Ileocecal
  4. Internal anal sphincter
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61
Q

Tonic contractions of the GIT is due to?

A

Subthreshold slow waves

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62
Q

Phasic contractions are seen in which part of the GIT?

A
  1. Esophagus
  2. Gastric antrum
  3. Small intestine
63
Q

This causes the phasic contraction of the GIT?

A

spike potential

64
Q

[Electrical activity of GI smooth muscle]

determines the pattern of contraction; due to the interstitial cells of cajal; slow, oscillating membrane potentials

A

Slow waves

not true action potentials

brings you closer to threshold

65
Q

[Electrical activity of GI smooth muscle]

slow waves has a slowest frequency in which part of the GIT?

66
Q

[Electrical activity of GI smooth muscle]

Slow wave is fastest in which part of the GIT?

67
Q

[Electrical activity of GI smooth muscle]

What causes the depolarization of spike potentials?

A

Calcium infux

68
Q

What is the pacemaker of the GIT?

A

Interstitial cell of Cajal

69
Q

What is the most common stimulus fo GI peristalis?

A

Distention

70
Q

How many hours will it take to transfer the material from the pylorus to ileocecal valve?

71
Q

How many hours will it take to transfer digested material from ileocecal valve to colin?

A

8 to 15 days

72
Q

What nerve is utilized during swallowing?

A

CN IX, X

in the medulla

73
Q

What are the events during the pharyngeal phase?

A
  1. Soft palate pulled upward (closes the nasopharynx]
  2. glottis covered prevents aspiration
  3. Upper esophageal sphincter relaxes
74
Q

What triggers the secondary peristalsis?

A

Gastric acid reflux to the esophagus

75
Q

What enzyme is deficient in achalasia?

A

Yep! Enzyme.

NO synthase that makes NO.

Deficient myenteric plexus, deficient neurocrine release (NO, VIP), decreased receptive relaxation

76
Q

What hormones facilitate receptive relaxation of the lower esophagus?

77
Q

What hormones facilitate receptive relaxation of Orad stomach?

A
  1. VIP

2. CCK

78
Q

What nerve stimulates gastric contractions?

A

Parasympathetic via Vagus Nerve

79
Q

What is the capacity of the stomach?

80
Q

Motilin stimulates gastric contractions every ___

A

90 minutes

motilin = motility

81
Q

What facilitates gastric emptyong?

A
  1. isotonic contents

2. chyme formation

82
Q

What inhibits gastric emptying?

A
  1. Fat (via CCK)

2. H+ in the duodenum

83
Q

What initiates the decreased gastric emptying time?

A

hyperosmolality of duodenal contents

84
Q

What increases the rate of gastric emptying time?

A

Intragastric volume

If madami content, fat, acid sa small intestine, mag stop ang gastric emptying

85
Q

What type of contraction allows mixing of chyme with pancreatic enzyme?

A

Segmentation contraction

86
Q

In peristaltic contractions, in order to propel the bolus forward, the longitudinal muscles should ___

A
  1. Contract behind the bolus

2. relax infront of bolus

87
Q

What prevents reflux of chyme from the cecum to the ileum?

A

Ileocecal valve

88
Q

What is the primary role of proximal colon?

A

absorption of water

89
Q

What is the primary role of your distal colon?

A

storage of feces

90
Q

The movement of colonic contents called mass movement occurs how many times a day?

A

1-3x per days

91
Q

Urge to defecate is felt when the rectum is filled by how much? (percent)

A

25%

Internal anal sphincter is involuntary

92
Q

What relaxes the internal anal sphincter?

A

Rectal contents = rectosphincteric reflex

93
Q

In order for defecation to occur, you external and internal anal sphincters should

A

Relax.

Normally, internal anal sphincter is contracted, you external anal sphincter is contracted

94
Q

___ reflex refers to when food in the stomach increases peristalsis in the ileum, and relaxation of the ileocecal sphincter

A

Gastroileal reflex

95
Q

___ reflex refers to food in the stomach increases peristalsis in the colon

A

Gastrocolic reflex

96
Q

What mediates the gastrocolic reflex?

A
  1. Parasympathetic NS
  2. CCK
  3. Gastrin
97
Q

What causes the normal bowel movements in newborn?

A

Gastrocolic reflex

98
Q

Reverse peristalsis, like in vomiting, begins in which part of the GIT?

A

Small intestine

Vomiting center: Medulla

99
Q

Which part of the brain is triggered by emetics, radiation and vestibular stimulation

A

Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone (area postrema)

100
Q

___ refers to incomplete vomiting through a closed upper esophageal sphincter

101
Q

[GI Juices]

most basic

A
  1. Brunners gland secretions

2. Pancreatic Juice

102
Q

[GI Juices]

how many mL of HCl is secreted per day?

103
Q

What organs produce saliva

A
  1. Parotid
  2. Submandibular
  3. Sublingual
104
Q

What electrolytes are high in the saliva?

A

High in K and HCO3

Low in Na, Cl

hypotonic

105
Q

What digestive enzymes are present in the saliva?

A
  1. Amylase

2. Lingual lipase

106
Q

[Effect to salivation]

parasympathetic stimulation

A

Increases salivation

107
Q

[Effect to salivation]

sympathetic salivation

A

Increases salivation

High flow rates, saliva has high Na, Cl low K, HCO3

108
Q

What electrolytes are high in initial saliva?

A

Na, Cl

the final saliva is High in K, HCO3

109
Q

What hormone plays a role in reabsorbing Na in the ductal cells making the final saliva low in K and HCO3?

A

Aldosterone

110
Q

Relative to plasma, salava is ___ (hyper/hypotonic)

111
Q

Oxyntic glands is located in which part of the stomach?

A

Body

Contains:

  1. Mucus neck cells
  2. Parietal cells
  3. Chief Cells
112
Q

Pyloric glands is located in which part of the stomach?

A

Antrum

Contains:

  1. G cells
  2. Mucus cells
113
Q

What cells secrete mucus and HCO3?

A
  1. Mucus cells

2. Mucus neck cells

114
Q

What cells secrete HCl and IF?

A

Parietal or Oxyntic Cells

115
Q

What cells secrete serotonin in teh GIT?

A

Enterochromaffin cells

116
Q

What cells secrete histamine in the GIT?

A

Enterochromaffin-like cells

117
Q

What cells secrete pepsinogen?

A

chief/peptic cells

118
Q

Intrinsic factor is secreted in which part of the stomach?

A

Gastric Fundus

119
Q

What stimulates HCl Secretion?

A
  1. Histamine on H2 receptors
  2. Ach on M3 receptors
  3. Gastrin on CCKb receptors
120
Q

What increases the basal acid output in the stomach?

A

Alkalinize the antrum

121
Q

What inhibits HCl secretion?

A
  1. Low pH (<3)
  2. Somatostatin
  3. Prostaglanding
122
Q

What drug class inhibits both gastrin and acetylcholine mediated acid secretion?

A

H2 blockers

123
Q

What hormone is high in Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome?

A

Gastrin = gastrinoma

resulting to high HCl

124
Q

What is the tonicity of your pancreatic secretions?

A

Isotonic

contains high HCO3 to neutralize acids

125
Q

What hormones stimulate the release of pancreatic enzymes?

A
  1. Secretin
  2. CCK
  3. Acetylcholine
126
Q

What are the effects of pancreatectomy?

A
  1. Loss of exocrine pancreatic secretions

2. Loss of insulin secretion

127
Q

What is the most common component of bile?

128
Q

What is the active component of bile?

129
Q

What are your primary bile acids?

A
  1. Cholic Acids

2. Chenodeoxycholic acid

130
Q

What are your secondary bile acids?

A
  1. Deoxycholic acids

2. Lithocholic acids

131
Q

What is added to you secondary bile acids to make bile salts?

A
  1. Taurine

2. Glycine

132
Q

What causes GB contraction?

A
  1. CCK

2. Ach

133
Q

What causes sphincter of Oddi Relaxation?

134
Q

The release of bile is characterized as ______

A

pulsatile spurts

135
Q

What will be the effect of surgical resection of ileum?

A
  1. Increased water content of feces
136
Q

What transporter is used to transport glucose and galactose from the lumen of the SI to the cell?

A

SGLT1 (secondary active transporter)

137
Q

What transporter is used to transport fructose from the lumen of the SI to the cell?

A

GLUT-5

FRUIT = 5 letters = glut 5

138
Q

What is the transporter of monosaccharides from the cell to the basolateral side?

139
Q

What are the brush border enzymes that is required for assimilation of protein?

A

Enterokinase/Enteropeptidase

140
Q

What enzyme cleaves the C terminus of a polypeptide?

A

Exopeptidase = Ends/C terminal

141
Q

What are the essential pancreatic proteases?

A
  1. Trypsin
  2. Chymotrypsin
  3. Elastase
  4. Carboxypeptidase A and B
142
Q

What facilitates the absorption of your free amino acids in the luminal side?

A

Na-aa symport

143
Q

What transports AA from the cell to the basolateral side?

A

Facilitated diffusion

144
Q

Between dipeptides and free amino acids, which is absorbed faster?

A

Dipeptides

and tripeptides too

145
Q

Lipids enter the intestinal cell via?

146
Q

Lipids leave the cell via?

A

chylomicrons

147
Q

What enzyme is inactivated by gastrinoma

A

pancreatic lipase

Gastrinoma = High gastrin = low gastric pH

148
Q

Short chain fatty acids absorption almost exclusively happens in which part of the GIT?

149
Q

Vitamin B 12 is absorbed in which part of the GIT?

150
Q

Iron and Vitamin C is absorbed in which part of the GIT?

151
Q

Fat, proteins, carbohydrates and water are absorbed in the ___

152
Q

Vitamin ADEK are absorbed in the

153
Q

IF-B12 complex and bile salts are absorbed in teh

Physiology (47 decks)

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