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Hugh's MD1 Neuro > Viruses affecting the CNS > Flashcards

Viruses affecting the CNS Flashcards

1
Q

Under what circumstances do lymphocytes cross the BBB?

A

During inflammation of the CNS

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2
Q

At what point does HIV become neurovirulent?

A

Once immunodificiency presents

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2
Q

Is it more common for alpha herpes viruses to travel to the CNS via the blood or through peripheral nerves?

A

Peripheral nerves

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3
Q

How does the rabies virus interact with the immune system?

A

It doesn’t try to hide, rather its glycoprotein is displayed on the cell surface

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4
Q

What is Guillain-Barre syndrome?

A

An acute inflammatory demyelinating disease following viral infection - commonly EBV, CMV, and HIV

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4
Q

T/F Viral replication occurs at the synapses in the nerve cells so they can quickly infect other cells

A

False, they replicate in the cell body as they require the protein synthesis machinery

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4
Q

What type of virus is rabies?

A

-sense RNA virus

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5
Q

Where is a common location for viral entry into the parenchyma of the CNS?

A

The choroid plexus

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5
Q

How does poliovirus get into the spinal cord?

A

Gut > regional lymph nodes > blood > spinal cord

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6
Q

How do young children with HSV 1 present?

A

Gingivostomatitis (cold sores)

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7
Q

In which is the virus still present, postinfectious encephalomyelitis or postinfectious encephalitis.

A

Postinfectious encephalitis

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8
Q

What type of virus is poliovirus?

A

+RNA with isosahedral capsid and no envelope

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9
Q

Does Guillain-Barre syndrome require an active infection?

A

No, as show by the outbreak that followed a vaccination program for influenza that used an inactivated virus

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9
Q

T/F Growth in nerve cells is obligatory part of the lifecycle or alphaherpes viruses and poliovirus

A

False, not for poliovirus

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10
Q

How does rabies virus get to the salivary glands?

A

Travels via the peripheral nerves and brain and down into them

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12
Q

What is the case fatality rate of HSV encephalitis?

A

70%

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13
Q

In which structure do HSV typically establish a latent infection?

A

Sensory nerve ganglia of the trigeminal or sacral nerve

14
Q

What is Reye’s syndrome?

A

Post-infectious cerebral oedema in children. Influenza or chicken pox

16
Q

What are the most common causes of viral encephalitis?

A

HSV 1 and 2

Rabies virus

Arboviruses

Enteroviruses

17
Q

In what form is the HSV genome maintained in latent infections?

A

Episome coated with histones

19
Q

What is secondary encephalitis (aka post-infectious encephalitis)

A

Secondary viral infection of the CNS, usually via the blood

19
Q

True or false, rabies replicates in the salivary glands only

A

False, it also replicates in the muscle adjacent to its entry point

21
Q

What is so problematic about viruses traveling in peripheral nerves?

A

They’re protected from attack by CTLs

22
Q

How does varicella-zoster virus enter the body?

A

Respiratory transmission

24
Q

What is the sequelae of viral infection of oligodendrocytes?

A

Demyelination

24
Q

In which cells does poliovirus infect in that leads to paralysis?

A

Anterior horn cells in the spinal cord

25
Q

Why aren’t peripheral nerves targeted by CTLs?

A

They don’t MHC class I

26
Q

What are neuroinvasive viruses capable of?

A

Entering or infecting the CNS

27
Q

What immune mechanism may be responsible for keeping the HSV genome in a latent state?

A

CD8+ T cells

28
Q

Why is the fear of water in rabies?

A

Evolutionary adaptation of the virus to avoid dilution of the virus in the saliva

29
Q

What are neurotropic viruses?

A

Viruses capable of replicating in nerve cells

31
Q

Describe HSV 1 and 2 in terms of neuroinvasiveness and neurovirulence

A

Low neuroinvasiveness

High neurovirulence

32
Q

What is myelitis?

A

An infection of the spinal cord

33
Q

Are alpha herpesviruses non-enveloped or enveloped?

A

Enveloped

34
Q

How is HSV 1 transmitted?

A

Via saliva

35
Q

What are neurovirulent cells capable of?

A

Causing disease within the nervous system

36
Q

What are two stategies of entering the CNS used by viruses?

A

Traveling up peripheral nerves

Crossing the BBB

38
Q

Which virus causes a mild encephalitis?

A

Mumps virus

39
Q

At what point during varicella-zoster infection does virus enter peripheral nerves?

A

After entering rashes

40
Q

What is the mechanism of damage postulated to cause postinfectious encephalomyelitis?

A

Autoimmune demyelination

41
Q

Does rabies infect neurones or oligodendrocytes?

A

Neurones, it’s highly neuroinvasive and neurovirulent

42
Q

Coronavirus and herpes simplex virus share this route of entry to the CNS, what is it?

A

Via the olfactory bulbs

Hugh's MD1 Neuro (41 decks)

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