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Hugh's MD1 Neuro > Anatomy: Skull, Scalp and Face > Flashcards

Anatomy: Skull, Scalp and Face Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two parts of the frontal bone?

A

The vertical aspect (forehead)

The horizontal aspect (roof of orbits)

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1
Q

Where is the ethmoid bone?

A

Between the eyes

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1
Q

What two vessels meet to form the straight sinus?

A

The inferior sagittal sinus and great cerebral vein/great vein of galen

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1
Q

Describe the course of the superficial temporal artery

A

Branches of the external carotid artery

Travels up the lateral aspect of the face, in front of the ear, towards the temple

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2
Q

Describe the arrangement of the LNs of the face?

A

They form an arch underneath the mandible and ear

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3
Q

Where is the mastoid process located on the temporal bone?

A

Posteriorly

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4
Q

What is the general structure of the parietal bone?

A

Flat and rectangular - follows the structure of the brain

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4
Q

Where does the straight sinus run?

A

Along the meeting point of the tentorium cerebelli and falx cerebri

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5
Q

What holes does the middle cranial fossa have?

A

The crescent pattern:

  • The superior orbital fossa
  • The foramen rotunda
  • The foramen ovale
  • The foramen spinosum

Others:

  • Optic canal
  • Hypophysial fossa
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6
Q

What is trigeminal neuralgia characterised by?

A

Brief periods of pain in one of the divisions of the trigeminal nerve dermatome

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6
Q

What structures are run in/are located in the parotid gland?

A

CN 7

Retromandibular vein

External carotid artery

Parotid LNs

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7
Q

How does the layered structure of the face differ from that of the scalp?

A

There is no loose connective tissue layer

The aponeurosis layer is replaced by facial muscles

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7
Q

What do you need to know about the veins of the face?

A

They follow their arteries

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7
Q

What is the course of CN7 in the face?

A

It exits the stylomastoid foramen

Gives of the post. auricular nerve

Enters the parotid

Forms the parotid plexus aka pes anserinus

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8
Q

What is the shape and position of the petrous of the temporal bone?

A

Wedged shape forming a floor for the brain

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9
Q

What do the 5 terminal nerves of the parotid plexus do?

A

Supplies muscles of facial expression

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10
Q

Blood from where drains into the epidural space?

A

Meningeal arteries

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11
Q

What are the processes of the temporal bone called?

A

Zygomatic

Mastoid

Styloid

Petrous

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12
Q

Where does the middle meningeal artery lie in the skull?

A

Between the skull and dura

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12
Q

What supplies the dermatome in front of the ears?

A

The trigeminal nerves - three branches

  • Opthalmic (forehead and eyes)
  • Maxillary (in between nose and mouth)
  • Mandibular (jaw line)
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13
Q

How can you tell the meningeal arteries?

A

They groove the skull vault

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14
Q

Describe the cross-sectional structure of the bones of the cranial?

A

Spongy bone sandwiched between two tables of compact bone

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15
Q

What holes does the posterior cranial fossa have?

A

The internal auditory (or acoustic) meatus

Jugular foramen

Hypoglossal canal

(Foramen magnum)

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16
Q

What separate the cortex and cerebellum laterally?

A

Tentorium cerebelli

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16
Q

What are the facial branches of the internal carotid artery and where do they sit?

A

The supratrochlea above the trochlea

The supraorbital above the eyes

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18
Q

The Pterion is a landmark for which blood vessel?

A

The middle meningeal artery

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20
Q

What does the zygomatic process of the temporal bone articulate with?

A

Zygoma

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20
Q

Which dura septa lies between the two hemispheres?

A

Falx cerebri

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20
Q

Through which foramen does the middle meningeal artery enter the skull?

A

Foramen spinosum

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21
Q

What is the function of the holes of the cribiform plates?

A

Nerves passage through them

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22
Q

What is the general structure of the occipital bone?

A

Moulded around the skull with prominent protuberance (external occipital protuberance)

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22
Q

What forms of the posterior cranial fossa?

A

The occipital bone

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23
Q

What are the bones of the cranium?

A

Frontal

Parietal

Temporal

Occipital

Sphenoid

Ethmoid

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25
Q

What other bones of the cranium does the ethmoid articulate with?

A

The frontal and sphenoid

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26
Q

Where does the neurovascular plane of the scalp lie?

A

In the connective tissue layer

28
Q

T/F the subdural space is only a potential space

A

True

30
Q

What does the coronal suture divide?

A

The frontal and parietal bones

31
Q

What is the middle meningeal artery a branch of?

A

The maxillary artery

32
Q

What does the sphenoid bone resemble?

A

A bat with outstretched wings

33
Q

What are the two patterns of arrangement facial muscles exhibit?

A

They surround orifices and act as sphincters

Or they radiate out from orifices and act as dilators

35
Q

What is the epidural space?

A

Potential space between the skull and dura

36
Q

What does the posterior auricular artery do?

A

Branches off the external carotid and travels posterior to the ear

37
Q

How does the appearance of the facial vein differ from the facial artery?

A

Its course is less tortuous

38
Q

What separates the left and right cerebellar hemispheres?

A

The falx cerebelli

38
Q

What supplies the dermatome behind the ears?

A

Dorsal rami of cervical spinal nerves - C2 behind face and C3 behind neck

39
Q

What demarcates the division between the vertical and horizontal aspect of the frontal bone?

A

Supraorbital margin

40
Q

What are the 4 sutures of the cranial?

A

Coronal

Sagittal

Lambdoid

Pterion

41
Q

What are the five terminal branches of CN7 that emerge from the parotid plexus (pes anserinus)

A

Temporal

Zygomatic

Buccal

Mandibular

Cervical

(Too zulu’s bear many children)

43
Q

Where do the venous sinuses receive blood from?

A

The brain via cerebral veins

The skull via diploic vessels

The scalp via emissary veins

44
Q

Where are the cribiform plates?

A

On the lateral aspects of the Ethmoid bone

44
Q

Which layer contains the CSF?

A

Subarachnoid space

45
Q

What happens to the transverse sinuses?

A

At the start of the petrous extension of the temporal bone they descend downwards in a sigmoid fashion (called the sigmoid sinuses) and exit the cranium through the jugular foramen (becoming the internal jugular veins)

46
Q

Which layers on the scalp slide over the other layers?

A

The top 4 slide over the pericranium - this is allowed by the loose connective tissue

47
Q

What are the implications of the fascia surrounding the parotid gland?

A

Infections that cause inflammation of the gland are very painful as there is no room for give

49
Q

What forms the middle cranial fossa

A

Body and greater wings of the sphenoid bone

Petrous of the temporal bone

50
Q

What nerve supplies the facial muscles?

A

Facial nerve or CN7

51
Q

What is the flat, lateral part of the temporal bone called?

A

The squamous part

51
Q

T/F the face has emissary veins that drain into the cavernous sinus

A

True

52
Q

Where in the skull is the occipital bone?

A

Posterior/dorsal aspect

52
Q

What is the function and course of the parotid duct?

A

Transmit saliva into mouth

Emerges from the ant. border - runs on the masita muscle - dives into the buccinator muscle and into the mouth

54
Q

What are the borders of the scalp?

A

Supraorbital margin to posterior occipital protuberance and the zygomatic arches

56
Q

What are the points of attachment for the falx cerebri?

A

Along the sagittal suture

Occipital protuberance

Crista galli

57
Q

What is the diaphragma sellae?

A

A dura septa that rooves the body of the sphenoid bone

58
Q

Where does the inferior sagittal sinus run?

A

In the inferior margin of the falx cerebri

59
Q

What does the sagittal suture divide?

A

The two plates (right and left) of the parietal bone

60
Q

Where does the superior sagittal sinus lie?

A

On top of the falx cerebri, beneath in the sagittal suture

62
Q

What does the lambdoid suture separate?

A

The parietal and occipital bones

64
Q

Where does the parotid gland sit?

A

Beneath the zygomatic process of the temporal bone

Ant. to mastoid process of temporal bone and ear

Superior to the angle of the mastoid bone

Posterior to the masita muscle

Superficial to the styloid process of the temporal bone

66
Q

What are the five layers of the scalp?

A

Skin

Connective tissue

Aponeurosis of occipitofrontalis muscle

Loose connective tissue

Pericranium

67
Q

Between what do the venous sinuses lie?

A

Inner and outer layers of dura

69
Q

Where does the cavernous sinus lie?

A

Lateral sides of the sphenoid bone

70
Q

What happens at the doral end of the straight sinus?

A

There is confluence of the sinuses and the two transverse sinuses extend laterally

71
Q

What is the name of the major veins that drain into the superior sagittal sinus?

A

Superior cerebral veins

72
Q

Where does the trigeminal ganglion sit in relation to the temporal bone?

A

At the edge of the its petrous wedge of the temporal

73
Q

What does the Pterion separate?

A

The frontal (ant), parietal (superior), sphenoid (inferior) and temporal (posterior) bones

74
Q

What is Bell’s palsy

A

Dysfunction of the facial nerve causing ability to use control on the affected side

76
Q

What is the problem with the venous sinuses receiving blood from the scalp?

A

Infections of the scalp can spread to the meninges (meningitis) and brain (encephalitis)

78
Q

What separates the greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid bone?

A

The superior orbital fissure

79
Q

What forms the anterior cranial fossa?

A

The frontal bone

Cribiform plates

Lesser wings of the sphenoid bone

80
Q

What does the external carotid artery do in the parotid gland?

A

Branches into the maxillary and superficial temporal a.

81
Q

What is the function of the parotid gland?

A

Salivary production

82
Q

What holes does the anterior cranial fossa have?

A

Just those of the cribiform plate

83
Q

What three factors contribute to the heavy bleeding that occurs with scalp injuries?

A
  1. Rich vascular supply in the connective tissue layer with anastomoses between internal and external carotid arteries
  2. The arrangement of the occipitofrontalis muscle meaning that wounds tend to gape
  3. Fibrous septa in the connective tissue layer that restrict the ability of arteries to constrict
84
Q

What do the meningeal arteries supply?

A

Bones of the vault and meninges

85
Q

Which pharyngeal arch are the facial muscle derived from?

A

The second

86
Q

Describe the course of the facial artery

A

Branches off the external carotid

Overlaps the mandible

Takes a tortuous course to the medial corner of the eye sending off to nose and cheek as it goes

87
Q

What does the occipital artery do?

A

Branches off the external carotid and travels up inferior the posterior auricular artery

Hugh's MD1 Neuro (41 decks)

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