Stroke

Question 1

Multifocal, synchronous haemorrhages are usually associated with what?

Answer 1

Systemic pathology - typically hypercoagulative states

Question 3

What percentage of strokes are due to ischaemia?

Answer 3

75

Question 3

How do cerebral infarcts appear in the days to weeks after the initial event?

Answer 3

“Porridge like”

Necrotic

Question 3

What is a pathology that commonly predisposes vessels for haemorrhage?

Answer 3

Hyaline atheriolosclerosis

Question 4

Congophilic angiopathy is a risk factor for which type of stroke?

Answer 4

Cerebral haemorrhage

Question 4

In which part of the circulation is saccular aneurysms more common, anterior or posterior?

Answer 4

Anterior

Question 5

What event can commonly occur after embolic strokes?

Answer 5

Embolism can lyse or dissipate and the infarcted area be reperfused causing a cerebral haemorrhage

Question 5

What is a lacunar stroke?

Answer 5

Infarct resulting for the occlusion of a small vessel supplying a deep area of the brain

Question 6

What are some risk factors for stroke?

Answer 6

Age

Hypertension

Cardiovascular disease

Diabetes

Hyperlipidaemia

Hypercoagulative states

Obesity

Smoking

Question 7

Where are the most common sites of atherosclerosis in the circle of Willis?

Answer 7

Vertebral arteries

Basilar arteries

Branching of ICA

MCA

Question 8

T/F Damage to vital brain centres are the most common cause of death after a stroke

Answer 8

False, that is rare

Question 10

What is a probe-patent interatrial septum?

Answer 10

A deformation in closure of the foramen ovale present in 1/3 of people that can rarely allow venous emboli to get into the arterial system

Question 11

Why is it important to attempt to remove blood after an cerebral haemorrhage?

Answer 11

It can be vasospasmic

It can contribute to ICP

Question 12

What is the most common cause of large artery occlusion?

Answer 12

Embolism

Question 13

What is an endoarterectomy?

Answer 13

A procedure to remove atherosclerotic plaque from the lumen of an artery

Question 14

Common cause of non-traumatic subarachnoid haemorrhage?

Answer 14

Rupture of berry aneurysms (or other types of aneurysms)

Question 15

Is what type of vessels are cerebral infarctions most likely to arise?

Answer 15

Small vessels

Question 16

What causes cerebral amyloid angiopathy?

Answer 16

Deposition of Abeta amyloid in the walls of superficial small vessesl

Question 18

What are the three mechanism of that cause cerebral infarction?

Answer 18

Hypoperfusion due to pump failure

Narrowed vessel

Embolism

Question 18

What type of necrosis do you get in the brain?

Answer 18

Liquefactive

Question 19

What is the problem with arteriovenous malformations?

Answer 19

High pressure blood can enter the venous system which can’t handle the high pressure

Question 21

What are the most common direct causes of dead after a stroke?

Answer 21

Pneumonia

Cardiovascular disease

Pulmonary thromboembolism

Question 23

What is the most common cause of small vessel occlusion?

Answer 23

Thrombosis

Question 24

How do infarcts appear months to years after the initial event?

Answer 24

Cytic spaces filled with CSF

Question 25

What make a vascular event silent?

Answer 25

The patient isn’t aware of its occurrence

Question 26

What are some causes of non-infectious, vegetative heart valves?

Answer 26

Hypercoagulative state

Deformed valve

Question 27

How do neurones appear microscopically as they die?

Answer 27

They initially swell then become hypereosinophilic and shrink

Question 28

What occurs in brain tissue in the hours after an infarction?

Answer 28

Cytotoxic swelling of damaged area and adjacent swelling of white matter > Increased ICP > Herniation