Locomotion and posture Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by having a secure synapse?

A

Only one signal is required to active the post synaptic cell

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1
Q

What is the pattern of loss of innervation in UMN lesions of the face?

A

Loss of innervation to the bottom quadrant on the contralateral side

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1
Q

What is the difference between UM and LM lesion signs?

A

UMNL

Spastic weakness

Increased tone

Increased reflexes

Babinski sign positive

LMN

Flaccid weakness

Atropy

Decreased tone

Decreased reflexes

Negative babinski sign

Signs of deinnervation - fasciculations and fibrillations

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2
Q

Most of the input from the brain to local spinal cord motor neurons is via what?

A

Local interneurons

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4
Q

What is scanning speech due to?

A

Problems in the cerebellum

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4
Q

What are fasciculations?

A

Groups of muscles fibres activating spontaneously, probably due to signs for dying MNs/axons

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5
Q

Which tract has direct connections from the cortex to local motor neurons in the spinal cord?

A

The lateral corticospinal tract

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6
Q

What are some signs of faulty motor control?

A
  • paralysis weakness
  • stiffness
  • increased reactivity
  • ticks, twitches and jerks
  • fibrillation and fasciculations
  • loss of coordination and smoothness
  • loss of the effectiveness of movements.
  • speech problems.
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7
Q

What is Henneman’s size principle?

A

In the recruitment of motor units for a movement, the smallest, least fatigable are recruited first while the biggest are recruited last

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8
Q

What is expressive aphasia?

A

Inability to formulate words despite being able to comprehend them, due to disconnection between the language and motor areas required for speech

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9
Q

The colliculospinal tract is for what?

A

Orientating reflexes

Visual looming - eg falling

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9
Q

Why are there different patterns of innervation loss between upper and lower motor neuron injuries of the facial nerve?

A

Because the upper half of the face receives innervation from both sides of the face

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10
Q

T/F Lateral motor tracts control more lateral motor neurons

A

True

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12
Q

In which part of muscular control do you find very secure synapses?

A

Peripheral muscle synapses

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13
Q

What is the receptor at the neuromuscular cleft?

A

Nicotinic receptor

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14
Q

Motor control from the lateral vestibular nuclei is important for what?

A

Maintenance of posture

15
Q

When does the motor cortex come into locomotor?

A

Initiating locomotion

Modulating pattern generation in response to obstacles

16
Q

What controls the initiation of swing in locomotion?

A

Feedback from receptors in extensor muscles

eg extension is still maintained while there is feedback from golgi tendon organs that a load is present

18
Q

What is the purpose of post junctional folds at the neuromusclar cleft?

A

Increase the SA for ACh and nicotinic receptors

19
Q

What is anticipation?

A

Learned movement that compensates for reflexes

eg When catching a ball, the muscle involved will contract in preparation and help with the reflexes to together control movement required for catching

20
Q

What are UMNs?

A

Neuronal systems that influence the lower motor neuron

22
Q

What are signs of de-activation of muscle?

A

Fibrillations

Fasciculations

Atropy and degeneration

22
Q

What are fibrillations?

A

Tiny contraction of sinlge muscle fibres due to hyperreactivity or increased AChr expression

23
Q

Gait abnormalities are good clinical signs because?

A

They correspond to specific CNS disorders

24
What does a change from decorticate to decerebrate sign tell you?
The lesion is spreading downwards towards to the reticular formation
25
What is the difference between decorticate and decerebrate signs?
In decerebrate the lesion has spread down to disrupt the rubrospinal tract of the red nucleus (that causes flexion) therefore you get extension of both limbs
26
Why do babies exhibit positive Babinski sign before they've learnt to walk?
The brain is yet to exert influence on the spinal cord
27
What does a decerebrate sign looks like?
Upper and lower limbs extended
28
What does a decorticate sign look like?
Extension of lower limb and flexion of upper limb
30
Where are the locomotion pattern generators?
In the spinal cord
31
As a rule, the ventromedial tracts are for much?
Control of posture
32
What is an example of preparatory control of postural stability?
Activation of hip and shoulder on the contralateral side of a abducting leg to compensate for increased weight
33
What is the pattern of loss of innervation in LMN lesions of the face?
Loss of innervation of the whole ipsilateral side of the face
34
What is the neurotransmitter at the neuron muscular cleft?
ACh
35
What does scanning speech sound like?
Slow, forceful, lacks intonation
36
The lateral corticospinal tract is for what type of movement?
It innervates lateral muscles - therefore mainly voluntary skilled movement