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Immunology and Microbiology > Virology Introduction (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Virology Introduction (Exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

viral genome

A

released inside the cytoplasm of the host cell

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2
Q

what are genomes made up of?

A

DNA or RNA; not both, either or. single stranded (ss) or double stranded (ds)

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3
Q

what do viruses need to survive?

A

a living cell to latch onto and leverage

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4
Q

virus

A

Consists of a single nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat and capable of replication only within the living cells of bacteria, animals, or plants. “obligate intracellular parasite”

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5
Q

capsid

A

protein coat that surrounds viral nucleic acid. repeating subunits -capsomeres. helical or icosahedral symmetry.

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6
Q

nucleocapsid

A

protein nucleic acid complex

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6
Q

viroids

A

smallest known autonomously replicating molecule

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7
Q

prions

A

infectious protein molecules; contain no definable nucleic acid

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8
Q

viridae

A

family

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9
Q

virinae

A

subgroup

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10
Q

virus

A

genus

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11
Q

parvoviridae

A

family

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12
Q

parvovirinae

A

subgroup

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13
Q

parvovirus

A

genus

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14
Q

erythrovirus

A

genus

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15
Q

how are viruses classified?

A

they are grouped into families, subgroups, and genera

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16
Q

how are viruses grouped?

A

grouped into families according to
1. nucleic acid (ds/ss RNA, ds/ss DNA)
2. morphology of virion
3. strategy of viral replication

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17
Q

reverse transcription

A

retroviruses use RNA as a template to make DNA - used by HIV

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18
Q

Non-enveloped DNA viruses

A

Parvovirus - ss DNA
Papovavirus - ds DNA
Adenovirus - ds DNA
Iridovirus - ds DNA

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19
Q

Enveloped DNA viruses

A

Hepadnavirus - partially ds DNA
Poxvirus - ds DNA
Herpesvirus - ds DNA

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20
Q

Non-enveloped RNA viruses

A

Picornavirus - ss RNA
Reovirus - ds RNA

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21
Q

Enveloped RNA viruses

A

all ss RNA
Rhabdovirus
Togavirus
Orthomyxovirus
Coronavirus
Bunyavirus
Arenavirus
Retrovirus
Paramyxovirus

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22
Q

Difference between nonenveloped and enveloped viruses

A

enveloped viruses have a coating and spikes; nonenveloped do not

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23
Q

components of the virion structure

A

(outside going in)
spike projections
lipid envelope
protein capsid
virion associated polymerase
nucleic acid

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24
Q

virion morphology

A

simple structure
repetitive structure
high level of redundancy

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25
Q

virus replication

A

replicate within a host cell while utilizing the host cell’s nucleic acids

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26
Q

steps of virus replication

A
  1. virus attachment and entry
  2. uncoating of virion
  3. migration of genome nucleic acid to nucleus
  4. transcription
  5. genome replication
  6. translation of virus mRNAs
  7. virion assembly
  8. release of new virus particles
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27
Q

viral life cycle

A

attachment
penetration
un-coating
multiplication
assembly
release

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28
Q

virus cultivation

A

complex and includes:
chicken egg culture
cell culture
animal inoculation

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29
Q

what causes sickness?

A

pathogens; viruses, bacteria, parasites

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30
Q

adenovirus

A

cause of common cold

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31
Q

poxviridae

A

smallpox, cowpox, monkeypox

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32
Q

herpesviridae

A

cold sores (HHV-1)
genital herpes (HHV-2)
chickenpox (HHV-3 or varicella zoster)

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33
Q

papovaviridae

A

papillomavirus -warts

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34
Q

hepadnaviridae

A

cause of Hepatitis B

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35
Q

piconaviridae

A

causes polio

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36
Q

togaviridae

A

west nile encephalitis

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37
Q

rhabdoviridae

A

rabies

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38
Q

reoviridae

A

cause respiratory and intestinal tract infections

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39
Q

retroviridae

A

HIV

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40
Q

what is a viruses inner core?

A

nucleic acid surrounded by protein coat known as an envelope

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41
Q

size range of viruses

A

20-250 nanometers (nm)

42
Q

how to diagnosis viral infections?

A
  1. clinical syndrome
  2. specimen
  3. methodologies
    - antigen detection
    - nucleic acid detection
    - antibody detection
    - microscopic: viral induced cytopathology
43
Q

elements of interaction

A

viral stain
inoculum size
route of exposure
susceptibility of host (pre-existing immunity)
immune status/age of host

44
Q

result of interaction

A

no infection
abortive infection
asymptomatic infection
symptomatic infection

45
Q

abortive infection

A

you get infected, fight the infection, but there is not tract of you ever having the infection

46
Q

latent infections

A

infection is followed by symptom-less period, then reactivation, particles not detected until reactivation, symptoms of reactivation and initial disease may differ.

47
Q

chronic infections

A

can be detected at all times, disease maybe present or absent during extended times or may develop late.

48
Q

latent infections example

A

herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV1 and HSV2) and shingles (zoster, chicken pox). after initial infection, virus replicates in neurons in non-infectious state. Virus activated to produce new disease symptoms

49
Q

chronic infections example

A

hepatitis B aka serum hepatitis
after initial infection with or without disease symptoms, infectious virus is released from host with no symptoms

50
Q

slow infections

A

agent gradually increases in amount over long period of time; two groups of infectious agents cause this infection (retroviruses which include HIV, prions); similar to the lysogenic cycle of gamma-phage

51
Q

what are viruses capable of?

A

infecting all forms of life like vertebrates, prokaryotes, fungi, algae

52
Q

most abundant form of life?

A

viruses, however, bacteriophages are extremely abundant, estimated 10^31 tailed bacteriophages

53
Q

are all viruses bad?

A

no silly goose!

54
Q

bacteriophages

A

viruses that infect harmful bacteria; hold promise as antibiotics; particularly in antibiotic resistant bacteria, immune reaction to phages remains a serious obstacle

55
Q

phages

A

disrupt or kill biofilms made by bacteria

56
Q

what is in a constant war?

A

bacteria and bacteriophages (viruses that only infect bacteria)

57
Q

what has bacteria evolved to do?

A

remember bacteriophages that have encountered in the past so that they can more quickly destroy them in the future; they save a small segment of the bacteriophage’s DNA in their own genome

58
Q

Process of inserting the bacteriophage DNA?

A

once docked, the bacteriophage will insert its genome into the bacteria/ using a family of defensive proteins called Cas, the bacteria will cut a small segment of the bacteriophage’s DNA and insert it into its own genome at a specific spot called the CRISPR Locus

59
Q

what leads to discovery of promoters for eukaryotic RNA polymerases?

A

study of small DNA

60
Q

what leads to discovery of many cellular oncogenes?

A

study of cancer producing viruses

61
Q

what was discovered from studying mRNA from DNA viruses?

A

RNA splicing

62
Q

what was discovered from studying phages and DNA viral replication?

A

Understanding of cellular DNA replication

63
Q

benefit of studying tumor viruses?

A

clearer understanding of cancer

64
Q

what can viruses be engineered to do?

A

carry exogenous genes that can be inserted in host’s genome; referred to as vector virus which holds therapeutic agents; remains an issue

65
Q

viral vector gene therapy for sickle cell disease

A

collection of blood forming stem cells - stem cells corrected by beta globin gene transfer from viral vectors - transplantation of corrected stem cells back to pt

66
Q

cultivation of host

A

viruses multiple only inside host cell; cultivated in the lab in cell culture or tissue culture

67
Q

quantitation

A

TEM direct count

68
Q

methods of studying viruses

A

cultivation of host and quantitation

69
Q

measurement of viruses

A

plaque forming assay
hemagglutination assay

70
Q

plaque forming assay

A

initially done with bacteriophages and bacteria

71
Q

hemagglutination assay

A

rapid and convenient, highest dilution showing max agglutination is titer of the virus

72
Q

transmission of viruses

A

respiratory (influenza a virus)
fecal-oral (enterovirus)
blood-borne (hep b virus)
sexually (hiv)
animal or insect vectors (rabies)

73
Q

virus tissue tropism

A

targeting of the virus to specific tissue and cell types

74
Q

CD4+

A

cells infected by HIVC

75
Q

CD155

A

acts as the receptor for poliovirus

76
Q

in vivo disease

A

cell destruction, virus-induced changes to gene expression, immuno-pathogenic disease

77
Q

acute virus infections

A

localized to specific site of body, development of viraemia with widespread infection of tissues

78
Q

epstein barr virus

A

burkitt’s lymphoma

79
Q

human papillomavirus

A

benign warts, cervical carcinoma

80
Q

human t cell leukemia virus (HTLV-1)

81
Q

hepatitis c virus

A

liver carcinoma

82
Q

virus induced tumors

A

virus infects uninfected cell, integrated into cellular genome, causes changes in expression resulting in uncontrolled cell multiplication and tumor formation

83
Q

cytopathic effect (CPE)

A

structural changes in host cells that are caused by viral infection

84
Q

what virus causes AIDS?

85
Q

what virus causes cervical carcinoma?

A

HPV types 16, 18, 31

86
Q

what virus causes chickenpox?

A

varicella virus

87
Q

what virus causes coldstores?

A

herpes simplex virus type 1

88
Q

what viruses cause common cold?

A

adenovirus, coronavirus, rhinoviruses

89
Q

what viruses cause diarrhea?

A

norwalk virus, rotaviruses

90
Q

what virus cause genital herpes?

A

herpes simplex virus type 2

91
Q

what viruses cause hemorrhagic fevers?

A

dengue virus, ebola and marburg viruses, lassa fever virus

92
Q

what viruses cause hepatitis?

A

hep A, B, C virus

93
Q

what virus causes influenza?

A

influenza A and B virus

94
Q

what virus causes measles?

A

measles virus

95
Q

what viruses cause mononucleosis?

A

epstein-barr virus, cytomegalovirus

96
Q

what virus causes mumps?

A

mumps virus

97
Q

what virus causes poliomyelitis?

A

poliovirus types 1 2 and 3

98
Q

what virus causes rabies encephalitis?

A

rabies virus

99
Q

what virus causes Severe acute respiratory syndrome

A

SARS coronavirus

100
Q

what virus causes smallpox?

A

variola virus

101
Q

what virus causes warts?

A

human papillomavirus types 1, 2, 4

102
Q

what virus causes yellow fever?

A

yellow fever virus

Immunology and Microbiology (22 decks)

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