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Immunology and Microbiology > HIV > Flashcards

HIV Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Retrovirus

A

enveloped (+) ssRNA (two copies)
medium sized
contain reverse transcriptase

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2
Q

first human retrovirus

A

human T cell lymphotropic virus

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3
Q

simple vs complex retroviruses

A

simple - contain gag, pol, env genes
complex - gag, pol, env and other genes

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4
Q

retroviruses replicate

A

through DNA intermediate that integrates into the host chromosome

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5
Q

two most important retroviruses

A

deltaretrovirus and lentivirus

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6
Q

for retroviruses, there are many

A

different groupings (ex: alpha retrovirus, beta retrovirus, etc.)

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7
Q

deltaretrovirus

A

bovine leukemia virus
cancer causing - Human T- lymphotropic virus

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8
Q

Lentivirus

A

human immunodeficiency virus
slow onset of disease
causes neurological disorders/immunosuppression
have type D cylindrical core

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9
Q

classification of retroviruses is based on

A

diseases they cause
tissue tropism
host range
vision morphology
genetic complexity

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10
Q

rex and tax

A

HTLV genes
rex - regulation of RNA splicing and promotion of export to cytoplasm
tax - transactivation of viral and cellular genes

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11
Q

HIV primarily targets

A

CD4+ T cells

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12
Q

Viral glycoprotein spikes

A

bind CD4
trimer of gp120 and qp41

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13
Q

after binding to the receptor, the HIV virus then must bind to a

A

secondary receptor (co receptor)
CCR5 or CXCR4

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14
Q

CCR5

A

co receptor used upon initial infection of HIV
expressed on CD4 T cells

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15
Q

CXCR4

A

co receptor used during chronic infection of HIV

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16
Q

HIV origin

A

from chimpanzee in Central America
passed to humans when they hunted/ate them
late 1800s –> America in 1970s

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17
Q

HIV classification

A

HIV-1 - more virulent, more infective (major group M and minor groups with subtypes)
HIV-2 - largely confined to West Africa (8 subtypes)

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18
Q

HIV life cycle

A
  1. binding
  2. fusion
  3. reverse transcription
  4. integration
  5. transcription and translation
  6. assembly
  7. release
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19
Q

mechanisms of viral entry

A
  1. initial interaction between gp120 and CD4
  2. conformational change of gp120
  3. interaction with CCR5
  4. distal tips of gp41 inserted into cell membrane
  5. gp41 conformational change
  6. fusion of membranes
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20
Q

HIV transmission

A

sexual contact
exposure to infected body fluids or tissues
mother to child

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21
Q

Risk of HIV transmission routes

A

blood transfusion
child birth
needle sharing

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22
Q

prevalence of HIV

A

1.2 million people in US have, 13% don’t know they have it
new HIV infections have been declining

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23
Q

largest percentage of people living with HIV

A

in africa

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24
Q

stages of HIV infection

A
  1. acute HIV infection
  2. chronic HIV infection
  3. AIDS
25
Q

acute HIV infection

A

large amount of HIV in blood
very contagious
flu-like symptoms

26
Q

what can diagnose acute HIV infection?

A

antigen/antibody tests or nucleic acid tests

27
Q

chronic HIV infection

A

asymptomatic HIV infection/latency
HIV active but produced in low amounts
HIV can still be transmitted

28
Q

At the end of the chronic HIV infection stage,

A

HIV in the blood (viral load) goes up and CD4 cell count goes down

29
Q

AIDS

A

most severe phase of HIV infection
damaged immune system –> opportunistic infection
high viral load
very infectious

30
Q

without treatment, people with AIDS

A

typically survive for about 3 years

31
Q

AIDS diagnoses and deaths have been

A

decreasing
proof that the drugs are working!

32
Q

symptoms of HIV vs AIDS

A

AIDS symptoms are more severe (ex: meningitis, tumors) and HIV symptoms are more flu like (ex: myalgia, thrush)

33
Q

Laboratory diagnoses of HIV

A

Home Access HIV-1 test system
OraQuick In-Home HIV test
RT-PCR

34
Q

Real time RT-PCR can be used for testing in HIV to

A

quantitate the amount of virus in the blood

gives information about the amount of viral load

35
Q

for HIV testing, western bot analysis can be used as a

A

conformation test

36
Q

HIV medicines _____________ HIV, they help people _____________

A

don’t cure

live longer lives

37
Q

HIV medicines prevent

A

HIV from advancing to AIDS

38
Q

HIV medicines reduce

A

the risk of HIV transmission (this doesn’t mean do it raw, wear a condom!!)

39
Q

types of HIV medications that block viral entry

A

fusion inhibitors (enfuvitide - Fuzeon)
CCR5 antagonists (maraviroc - Selzentry)
Post attachment inhibitors (ibalizumab - Trogarzo)

40
Q

NRTIs and examples

A

nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

abacavir, emtricitabine, lamivudine, tenofivir disoproxil fumarate, zidovudine

41
Q

how do NRTIs work?

A

they bind to the DNA chain and terminate it

OR

they bind to reverse transcriptase and denature it

42
Q

NNRTIs and examples

A

non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

-virine’s
doravirine (Pifeltro)
efavirenz (Sustiva)
etravirine (Intelence)
nevirapine (Viramune XR)
rilpivirine (Edurant)

43
Q

INIs and examples

A

Integrase inhibitors

-gravir’s
dolutegravir (Tivicay)
raltegravir (Isentress)

44
Q

integrase inhibitors block

A

integration into the host genome

45
Q

PIs and examples

A

protease inhibitors

-navir’s
atazanavir
darunavir
fosamprenavir
ritonavir
saquinavir
tipranavir

46
Q

does HIV have a vaccine or cure?

A

NO

47
Q

HAART cocktail

A

slows progression of the disease

NNRTI and two NRTIs

48
Q

challenges for vaccine development for HIV

A

subtypes
circulating recombinant forms
unique recombinants

49
Q

a successful vaccine for HIV must

A

block initial infection and elicit neutralizing antibody and cell mediated immunity

50
Q

antigenicity diversity of HIV

A

primary target of neutralizing antibody, gp120, is different for the different HIV clades

51
Q

HIV undergoes __________ due to high mutation rate and recombination

A

immune escape

52
Q

prevention of HIV

A

safe sex
drug use (the HAART cocktail)
blood screens

53
Q

the risk of transmitting HIV to the unborn child is

A

low

15-30%

54
Q

HTLV is associated with

A

leukemias, sarcomas and lymphomas in many animals

55
Q

HTLV is not ________ but __________

A

cytolytic

transformative

56
Q

HTLV is endemic in

A

southern japan, the Caribbean, and central africa

57
Q

HTLV is usually ___________ but can progress to ______

A

asymptomatic

ATLL

58
Q

effective treatment for HLTV

A

AZT and interferon alpha

Immunology and Microbiology (21 decks)

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