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Immunology and Microbiology > Chapter 9 (Exam 3) > Flashcards

Chapter 9 (Exam 3) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Functions of Antibody Response

A

Neutralization
Opsonization
Complement Fixation

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2
Q

Signaling in B cells

A

Clustering of Receptors
B cell coreceptor
Activation of intracellular kinases

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3
Q

How is signaling generated in B cells?

A

Crosslinking Igs with repetative epitopes of antigens
Causes clustering and aggregation of Iga and Igb

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4
Q

B cell signaling is increased with

A

Coreceptors

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5
Q

Thymus-Independent (TI) Antigens

A

Repetitive carbohydrate or protein epitopes at high density on pathogen surface

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6
Q

TI antigens are able to

A

Activate B cells without Ag-specific helper T cells
Mostly B-1 cells

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7
Q

Antibodies most produced by TI activation and why?

A

IgM
no SHM or isotype switching

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8
Q

B cells must interact with ____ to survive

A

Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs)

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9
Q

Follicular Dendritic Cells (FDCs)

A

Help create B cell follicles in lymph node

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10
Q

On dendrites, ____ and ____ hold complement-coated antigens and pathogens.

A

CR1

CR2

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11
Q

Immune complexes

A

held on surface, not degraded

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12
Q

B cells home to lymph nodes by

A

CCL21 and CCl19
Drawn to primary follicle by CCL13

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13
Q

Cognate Interaction
(conjugate pair)

A

B and T cell specific for different epitopes of same pathogen

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14
Q

Events required for B cell activation

A

Surface Ig binding to antigen
T cell help

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15
Q

What cytokines induces B cell differentiation?

A

IL-5, IL-6, IL-21 from Tfh cells

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16
Q

How do B cells become plasma cells?

A

Conjugate pair moves into medullary cortex
cells divide to form primary focus
B cells secrete IgM

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17
Q

IL-5, IL-6, IL-21

A

Induce terminal differentiation

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18
Q

Primary focus

A

Produce first Ab

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19
Q

Secondary focus

A

Produce many B cells with affinity matured, switched Abs
Germinal Centers

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20
Q

Germinal Center Reaction

A

Swollen Glands
B and T cell proliferation in secondary follicle

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21
Q

Centroblasts

A

in dark zone
Proliferate
Do not express surface Ig
Cannot interact w FDC
undergo SHM and switching

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22
Q

Centrocytes

A

in light zone
no proliferation
express affinity matured, switched Ig

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23
Q

Centrocytes undergo _____ unless surface Ig binds antigen and ____ is bound by ____ ligand.

A

Apoptosis

CD40

CD40

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24
Q

When does B cell express Bcl-xL?

A

B cell induced by FDC to internalize, process, and present Ag to Tfh cell

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25
Q

Affinity matured centrocytes selected to survive will become

A

plasma cells
long-lived memory cells

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26
Q

Genetic deficiency in CD40 ligand

A

hyper-IgM syndrome

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27
Q

IgM activates

A

classical pathway of complement

28
Q

Functions of circulating IgM, IgG, and IgA

A

Defend all tissues reached by blood
Prevent blood-borne infection

29
Q

Dimeric IgA

A

Transported to child trough breast milk
Passive transfer of immunity

30
Q

Lowest levels of IgG

A

age 3-12 months
Most susceptible to infections

31
Q

IgG is delivered to tissues using

A

FcRn

32
Q

poly-Ig

A

Binds constant domains of dimeric IgA and IgM

33
Q

Cell types involved in IgE response and what they express

A

Mast cells, eosinophils, basophils
Express FceRI to bind constant region

34
Q

Antibody Effector Functions

A
  1. Neutralization
  2. Activation of Complement
  3. Uptake and degradation of pathogens vis Fc
  4. Facilitate killing of targets by NK cells
  5. IgE response
35
Q

Neutralizing Abs to prevent VIRUS entry

A

Bind on surface of cells with influenza hemagglutinin
Virus cannot infect

36
Q

Neutralizing Abs to prevent BACTERIA entry

A

F protein binds fibronectin
Abs prevent attachment to tissues

37
Q

IgG and IgA Abs neutralize

A

toxins and venoms

38
Q

Treatment for venoms

A

passive immunization of Abs raised in animals

39
Q

IgM can activate classical complement effectively due to

A

Pentameric structure
5 binding sites for C1q on IgM

40
Q

What other isotype can activate classical complement pathway?

A

IgG

41
Q

Removal of immune complexes

A

by erythrocytes

42
Q

Fc receptors are expressed on

A

neutrophils, basophils, mast cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, FDC, and NK cells

43
Q

a single mast cell has bound IgE molecules

A

specific for many different antigens

44
Q

cross linking of FceRI

A

by IgE binding and clustering triggers rapid mast cell granule release

45
Q

mast cell, basophil and eosinophil granule contents are

A

inflammatory mediators

46
Q

what do inflammatory mediators do in an IgE response?

A

induce contraction of SM cells
increase blood vessel permeability
attack parasite directly

47
Q

what are the natural targets of IgE

A

unicellular protozoa
multicellular invertebrates (worms, flukes)
ticks
mites

48
Q

ITAMs on g chain

A

signal to interior

49
Q

targets of IgE are ________________ than microbial pathogens so _____________________ are needed for removal

A

much larger

different mechanisms

50
Q

FcgRI signaling

A

needs to be crosslinked by Ab

51
Q

Signaling from FcR’s bound to Fc regions of Ab’s trigger

A

engulfment which eliminates pathogen and allows for processing and presenting

52
Q

eosinophils ________________ large parasites coated with IgE

A

directly attack

53
Q

in developed countries, the IgE response against _________________ is not frequent, so IgE responses in ________________ is much more common

A

parasites

allergies

54
Q

ITIM

A

Suppresses signaling
helps control response

55
Q

if the immune system is unstimulated,

A

it can respond in unexpected ways

56
Q

purpose of RhoGAM

A

inhibits primary immune response to Rh so fetal erythrocytes are not destroyed and babies are healthy

57
Q

Why have a variety of low-affinity Fc receptors for IgG?

A

Help control immune responses
receptors with ITIM motifs

58
Q

FcaRI binding to monomeric IgA

A

medium-affinity

59
Q

FceRI binding to IgE

A

very high affinity
mast cells, eosinophils, basophils

60
Q

if a Rh- mother is carrying a second child that is Rh+ and does not take RhoGAM, what happens to the baby?

A

secondary immune response with high affinity IgG

massive destruction of fetal erythrocytes triggered by anti-Rh IgG

hemolytic anemia of the newborn

61
Q

ADCC

A

Antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

62
Q

if a Rh- mother is carrying her first child that is Rh+ and does not take RhoGAM, what happens to the baby?

A

low affinity IgG and IgM

minor destruction of fetal erythrocytes

healthy newborn baby

63
Q

purpose of the FcgRIIB1 receptor

A

crosslinks with Ig and sends an inhibitory signal to prevent naive B cell activation

64
Q

is there a FcgRIIB1 receptor on memory B cells?

A

no!

so they can get activated!

65
Q

Therapeutic use of ADCC

A

Rituximab eliminates B cells and tumors by ADCC
monoclonal Ab targeting CD40

Immunology and Microbiology (22 decks)

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