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Immunology and Microbiology > Gram Negative Bacteria B > Flashcards

Gram Negative Bacteria B Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Neisseria Species

A

Gram Negative
Aerobic Diplococci
sex pili, non motile

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2
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

A

Gram neg cocci
Gonorrhea
NON capsulated

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3
Q

Neisseria meningitidis

A

Meningitis
Encapsulated
Gram neg cocci

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4
Q

How is gonorrhea transmitted?

A

Between humans through intimate contact of mucous membrane

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5
Q

pyogenic in Neisseria gonorrhoeae

A

pus like discharge containing polymorphonuclear leukocyte

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6
Q

Which antibiotic is recommended to N. gonorrhoeae and why?

A

Cephalosporins because it is resistant to several antibiotics

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7
Q

Symptoms of N. gonorrhoeae in males

A

urethral like discharge, prostatitis and periurethral abscess

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8
Q

Symptoms of N. gonorrhoeae in females

A

vaginal discharge, abdominal pain, abnormal menstrual bleeding

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9
Q

Enterobacteriaceae characteristics

A

gram negative rods; most pathogenic and encountered
Glucose fermenters, oxidase negative

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10
Q

Haemophilus influenzae

A

Normal microflora of upper respiratory tract

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11
Q

What can H. influenzae cause? (3)

A

Otitis media
Sinusitis
Bronchitis

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12
Q

large gram negative rods of Enterobacteriaceae are associated with

A

intestinal infections, found in almost all natural habitats

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13
Q

what does Enterobacteriaceae cause?

A

Meningitis, bacillary dysentery, typhoid and food poisoning

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14
Q

Treatment of H. influenzae

A

Quinolones, Aminoglycosides, Cephalosporins

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15
Q

Which bacteria is most common cause of acute bacterial meningitis in infants and young children?

A

H. influenzae

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16
Q

E. coli is the number one

A

cause of UTIs

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17
Q

What diseases are E. coli linked to?

A

pneumonia, meningitis and traveler’s diarrhea

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18
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

Opportunistic gram negative
Strictly aerobic
Catalase positive rod
Glucose/lactose non fermenters

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19
Q

What does E. coli produce from undigested material in the large intestine?

A

Vitamin K

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20
Q

Endotoxin of E. coli leads to

A

severe cases of diarrhea

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21
Q

Treatment for E. coli

A

do not place on antibiotics due to severe shock
the only exception - UTI - amoxicillin/augmentin, cephalosporins, Macrobid and sulfa drugs

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22
Q

Shigella dysenteriae
characteristics

A

gram negative rod, facultative anaerobe
Lactose non fermenter

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23
Q

toxin in Shigella dynsenteriae

A

shiga toxin
potent A-B type toxin with 1 A and 5 B subunits

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24
Q

The shiga toxin

A

prohibits protein synthesis and leads to cell death

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25
Q

Treatments for shigella dysenteriae

A

sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, azithromycin and ciprofloxacin

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26
Q

What does shigella dysenteriae lead to?

A

diarrhea and fever (dysentery)

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27
Q

Transmission of salmonella

A

through uncooked meats and eggs
Chickens are the main reservoir

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28
Q

What does Salmonella lead to?

A

Intestinal infection: diarrhea, vomiting, chills, headache

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29
Q

2 types of Salmonella bacteria

A

S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis

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30
Q

S. typhi

A

only carried in humans
causes typhoid fever
Lactose non fermenter

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31
Q

typhoid fever symptoms

A

fever, diarrhea, and inflammation of the infected organs

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32
Q

treatment of typhoid fever

A

cipro, ceftriaxone, bactrim and amoxil

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33
Q

Edwardsiella tarda characteristics

A

produces hydrogen sulfide, found in aquatic animals and reptiles

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34
Q

What does Edwardsiella Tarda cause?

A

gastroenteritis and wound infections

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35
Q

Two forms of Citrobacter and what they cause

A

C. freundii - can cause diarrhea and extra intestinal infections
C. diversus - meningitis in newborns

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36
Q

An example of Serratia

A

Serratia marcescens

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37
Q

what does S. marcescens cause?

A

can cause UTIs, wound infections and pneumonia

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38
Q

Klebsiella pneumoniae characteristics

A

large, non motile, produces large sticky colonies in nutrient media, heat stable enterotoxin, R plasmids

39
Q

Klebsiella pneumoniae is common in

A

hospitals (pneumonia and UTIs)

40
Q

Kliebeslla is second only to

A

E. coli that causes UTIs

41
Q

R plasmids

A

confers resistance to ampicillin; can be transferred to enteric bacteria

42
Q

Treatment for Klebsiella pneimoniae

A

Quinolones, AMinoglycosides and Cephalosporins

43
Q

Enterobacter characteristics

A

similar to Klebsiella but ornithine positive, part of the normal flora, can cause opportunistic infections, highly motile

44
Q

Two types of Enterobacter and what they cause

A

E. aerogenes and E. cloacae
both cause UTI and URI (NO DIARRHEA)

45
Q

Treatment for Enterobacter

A

Penicillins, aminoglycosides, Bactrim

46
Q

What does Proteus cause?

A

UTI infections and hospital acquired infections

47
Q

Proteus ( P. Mirabilis, P. Vulgaris)

A

gram neg, lactose non fermenter, oxidase negative, aerobes, highly motile, forms swarming colonies

48
Q

Treatment for Proteus

A

broad spectrum penicillins or cephalosporins

49
Q

Morganella (M. Morganii) causes

A

UTI infections, wound infections and diarrhea

50
Q

Treatment for Morganella

A

Chloramphenicol

51
Q

Enterobacteriales lactose fermenters (4)

A

Escherichia coli
Citrobacter spp.
Klebsiella spp.
Serratia spp.

52
Q

Enterobacteriales Lactose non fermenters (6)

A

Morganella
Proteus
Providencia
Salmonella
Shigella
Yersinia

53
Q

What does Pseudomonas aeruginosa cause?

A

Wound infections
Meningitis
Abscesses
Burns
Septicemia

54
Q

Treatment of P. aeurginosa

A

Two antibiotics at once due to resistance
Gentamicin, Ticarcillin/Clavulanate

55
Q

Vibrios and Curved Rods

A

Gram negative, facultatively anaerobic, bacillus

56
Q

V. cholerae type responsible for cholera epidemic

A

‘O’-somatic Ag

57
Q

Cholera

A

Acute, diarrheal illness

58
Q

How do you get cholera?

A

Contaminated water and food with feces
Raw shellfish

59
Q

Legionella pneumophila

A

Gram negative, intracellular parasites, motile, rod or coccoid shaped, aerobic, use amino acids for energy

60
Q

Diseases associated with L. pnemonphila

A

Legionnaires’ Disease
Pontiac Fever
Respiratory transmission-pneumonia

61
Q

Treatment of L. pneumophila

A

Penicillins or aminoglycosides

62
Q

Spirochaetes

A

Treponema, Borrelia, Leptospira

62
Q

Treponema pallidum

A

motile, gram negative, microaerophilic spirochaetes, do not survive well outside of host

63
Q

How is treponema pallidum transmitted?

A

Direct sexual contact
Mother to fetus
Not highly contagious

64
Q

Common inoculation sites of treponema pallidum

A

Cervix or vagina
Penits

65
Q

Primary disease process of treponema pallidum

A

Invasion of mucous membrane
Rapid multiplication
Wide dissemination through lymphatics
Systemic circulation prior to development of lesion

66
Q

Primary lesion of Syphilis

A

Resolved by fibrotic walling-off

67
Q

Secondary lesion of Syphilis

A

Highly contagious
Host enters latent period

68
Q

Tertiary syphilis

A

Localized dermal cancer-like lesions few organisms are present and reflects immunologic reaction of host

69
Q

Jarisch-Herxheimer

A

Symptoms of fever, muscle pains, headache, tachycardia
Caused by cytokines released by immune system in response to lipoproteins released from rupturing syphilis

70
Q

Treatment of Syphilis

A

IM injection of penicillin
Penicillin G & Azithromycin

71
Q

Borrelia recurrentis

A

Relapsing fever (tick, famine)

72
Q

Treatment of Borrelia recurrentis

A

Penicillins, Tetracylines, Macrolides

73
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi

A

Lyme Disease

74
Q

Three stages of Borrelia burgdorferi

A
  1. Unique skin lesion with general malaise
  2. Subsequent stage have neurological or cardiac involvement
  3. Migrating episodes of non-destructive arthritis transmitted by hard body ticks
75
Q

Treatment of Borrelia burgdorferi

A

Acute illness with phenoxymethylpenicillin or tetracycline

76
Q

Leptospira interrogans causes

A

Weil’s disease
Acute febrile jaundice and nephritis

77
Q

How is Leptospira interrogans transmitted?

A

To humans from variety of animal hosts

78
Q

What does Leptospira interrogans infect?

A

Infects kidneys and organisms are shed in urine, with renal failure and death not uncommon

79
Q

Acinetobacter baumanii

A

Gram negative rod, opportunistic
War against antibiotic resistant pathogens

80
Q

Treatment of Acinetobacter baumanii

A

Penicillin

81
Q

Enterobacteriae lactose fermenters

A

E. Coli, Klebsiella, citrobacter and serratia

82
Q

What leads to an increase in N. gonnorhoeae?

A

Birth control pills - change the pH leads to inc infection

83
Q

E. coli strains with potentially lethal toxins (5)

A

O157:H7, O121, O145, O26, O104:H21

84
Q

Why do we not treat E. coli with antibiotics

A

endotoxin from dead E. coli leads to endotoxemia

85
Q

difference between dysentery and diarrhea

A

dysentery has presence of erythrocytes, don’t go as often as diarrhea

86
Q

salmonellosis

A

inflammation of the intestine caused by Salmonella

87
Q

Paratyphoid fever

A

similar tot typhoid; caused by S. paratyphi A,B or C

88
Q

P. mirabilis

A

proteus, causes UTI and wound infections

89
Q

Hib

A

haemophilus influenzane type B; causes virtually all human disease

90
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa characteristics

A

blue green pigment pyocyanin
catalase positive rod
strictly aerobic
opportunistic
can grow without nutrition

91
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces

A

an extracellular protease which aids to its virulence

92
Q

what serogroup of vibrio is responsible for classic epidemic cholera

A

O1 and O139

Immunology and Microbiology (8 decks)

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