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Immunology and Microbiology > Flu > Flashcards

Flu Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

1918 flu virus

A

deadliest flu pandemic in history
killed 50 million people

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2
Q

proteins on the outer surface of the flu virus

A

hemagglutinin protein
neuraminidase protein

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3
Q

influenza is part of which family

A

orthomyoxiviridae

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4
Q

types of flu virus and which is essential to human disease

A

Types A, B and C
B is essential to human disease

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5
Q

flu genome

A

segmented, negative sense RNA
has an ability to reassort

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6
Q

the flu virus envelope contains

A

about 500 spikes
hemagglutinin and neuraminidase

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7
Q

influenza virus replication

A

endocytosis –> uncoating –> mRNA synthesis/RNA replication –> assembly –> exit

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8
Q

type of flu is based on

A

structure of internal proteins

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9
Q

Type A flu

A

infects humans, birds, pigs, horses, other animals
wild birds are the natural host

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10
Q

pandemics are associated with which type if influenza?

A

type A

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11
Q

type B influenza

A

usually found in humans
classified by strain only

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12
Q

type C influenza

A

human infections are rare

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13
Q

what are part of the influenza vaccine?

A

Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase

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14
Q

hemagglutinin

A

surface of the virus
receptor for the virus to bind to the host cells
17 different subtypes

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15
Q

neuraminidase

A

surface of the virus
enzyme to let the new viral particles out of the host cell
10 different subtypes

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16
Q

classification of influenza strains

A

Type A,B,C/place isolated/number of isolate/year isolated

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17
Q

Influenza undergoes

A

antigenic changes in hemagglutinin and neuraminidase

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18
Q

influenza pandemics result from

A

antigenic shifts (antigen changing significantly)

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19
Q

symptoms of influenza

A

headache
fever
tiredness
aches
coughing
vomiting
runny/stuffy nose
sore throat
aches

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20
Q

do the cold and flu have the same symptoms?

A

NO!
fever is rare in the cold and prostration is never present in cold but is in the flu

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21
Q

rapid onset symptoms of the flu in adults

A

fever, coryza, headache, malaise, myalgia, sore throat, non-productive cough

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22
Q

when is the influenza virus contagious

A

AT ALL STAGES!!
(incubation, symptomatic, recovering)

23
Q

mode of transmission of flu in humans

A

person to person
respiratory secretions (droplets)

24
Q

incubation period of influenza

A

1-3 days

25
Q

symptoms of influenza in children

A

higher fever, GI tract symptoms, otitis media, myositis, more frequent croup

26
Q

who is at high risk for flu complications?

A

asthma
heart disease
elderly
children/infants

27
Q

Pneumonia and influenza are one of the

A

highest leading causes of death in the US

28
Q

complications of influenza

A

primary viral pneumonia
secondary bacterial pneumonia
myositis
cardiac involvement
neurologic symptoms (rare)

29
Q

pneumonia

A

fluid in air sacs of the lungs

30
Q

symptoms of pneumonia

A

coughing up blood
low blood pressure
high heart rate

31
Q

removal of sialic acids

A

enables bacterial attachment

32
Q

due to co-pathogenesis there is a small increase in

A

viral infection due to bacterial infection becoming established

33
Q

Guillain Barre syndrome and its relation to influenza

A

rare autoimmune disorder, damages nerves
weakness/tingling sensations in both legs

getting the vaccine/infection can trigger GBS

34
Q

how is severity of flu season determined?

A

% of visits to outpatient clinics
rates of influenza associated hospitalizations
% of deaths resulting from pneumonia/influenza that occurred during each season

35
Q

severity of flu seasons can be

A

different in children and adults

36
Q

effectiveness of the seasonal flu vaccines sometimes have

A

not great numbers, but you should still get it (Sorry vaccine haters)

37
Q

avian influenza

A

wild birds carry without illness –> can kill domestic birds
humans can become infected

38
Q

pandemic influenza involves

A

animals

39
Q

Antigenic shift

A

by reassortment that involves a third species (mixing vessel)

40
Q

swine flu

A

influenza type A - H1N1
can be passed to humans (by kissing pigs on the mouth LOL)

41
Q

benefits of the flu vaccine

A

millions did not get the flu illness
hundreds of thousands of hospitalizations are avoided
thousands of deaths are avoided

42
Q

influenza virus testing methods examples

A

Rapid influenza diagnostic tests
RT-PCR
Rapid cell culture

43
Q

antiviral drugs for influenza

A

oseltamivir - Tamiflu (pill/liquid)
Zanamivir - Relenza (inhalation)
Peramivir - Rapivab (IV)

44
Q

Drugs like tamiflu inhibit

A

neuraminidase protein so the virus cannot get released

45
Q

Xofluza (baloxavir marboxil)

A

new antiviral flu
inhibits polymerase acidic endonuclease (replication)
single dose, first in class, oral

46
Q

Coronavirus

A

can cause infections in animals/humans
respiratory infections
SARS, MERS, COVID-19

47
Q

emergence of COVID-19

A

Wuhan, China
caused by SARS-CoV-2
linked to large seafood and live animal market

48
Q

symptoms of covid and flu

A

are different (ex: shortness of breath in covid, not in flu)

49
Q

when looking at covid and flu symptoms, there are

A

differences on a clinical symptom basis

50
Q

duration of symptoms (covid and flu)

A

covid - 1-2 weeks, or 6 weeks
flu - 3-7 days

51
Q

incubation time (covid and flu)

A

covid - 2-14 days
flu - 1-4 days

52
Q

median hospital stay and fatality rate (covid and flu)

A

covid - 12 days, 2.9%
flu - 4 days, 0.1%

53
Q

SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A/B Test

A

Roche received FDA Emergency Use Authorization
multiplex RT-PCR assay
detection and differentiation of SARS-Cov2, Influenza A and B

Immunology and Microbiology (20 decks)

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