Mycoplasma and More Flashcards
Mycoplasma characterisitcs
can grow in cell free media
contains RNA and DNA
cell wall deficient (lacks a rigid cell wall)
requires sterols for growth
M. pneumoniae causes
tracheobronchitis
pneumonia limited to respiratory mucousa
mild hemolytic anemia
M. pneumoniae treatment
erythromycin, tetracycline or quinolones
M. Hominis causes
painful urination, unusual discharge and painful intercourse
M. Hominis treatment
erythromycin and zithromax
M. Genitalium causes
nongonococcal urethritis (NGU)
pelvic inflammatory disease PUD
cervicitis
M. Genitalium treatment
azithromycin
Ureaplasma urealyticum causes
nongonococcal urethritis, prostatitis, UTI, penile discharge
infertility, chorioamnionitis, stillburth, premature birth
pneumonia and meningitis
Ureaplasma urealyticum treatment
doxycycline
How to identify species of Mycoplasma?
cyctochek test kit identifies species
microarray based
Chalmydiae characteristics
obligate intracellular parasites
aerobic, nonmotile, rod/coccoid
forms elementary bodies
Chlamydiae cell wall characteristics
LPS layer, NO peptidoglycan
resembles gram negative but difficult to stain
Chlamydiae typically causes
genital, ocular, and respiratory infections
trachoma infections of the eyes
elementary bodies
chalmydiae
small extracellular infectious particles that resemble spores
cannot grow or divide
Chlamydia trachomatis causes
LGV (lymphogranuloma), STIs, pelvic inflammatory diseases, ectopic pregnancy
Bubos like Y. pestis
C. pneumoniae causes
pneumonia, bronchitis, pharyngitis
Natural host of C. pneumoniae
humas
C. psittaci causes
pulmonary infections (psittacosis)
C. psittaci natural host
birds, lower mammals
Diagnosis method for Chlamydia
Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT)
PCR
NAAT is most commonly used to screen for
C. trachomatis
treatment for C. trachomatis
azithromycin
multiple doses of doxycycline
erythromycin for pregnant women (that can’t take doxy)
Rckettsiae characteristics
obligate intracellular parasites
arthropod borne
zoonoses
Rickettsiae rickettsiae
Rocky Mountain spotted fever
causative agents vascular endothelial cells lead to vascular damage
Coxiella burnetii (Rickettsiae)
Q fever - manifests as pneumonia
human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis
cattle, sheep, goats, livestock and cats
Mycology
diverse heterogenous group of eukaryotes
superficial mycoses
common fungal infections limited to the skin and skin structures
ringworm, tineas
Superficial mycoses treatment
miconazole, nystatin and griseofulvin (topicals)
subcutaneous mycoses
group of fungal diseases that involve lymphatics, dermis, subcutaneous tissues and muscles
fungi implanted in the skin
subcutaneous mycoses causes
chromoblastomycosis, maduromycosis, sporotrichosis
opportunistic mycoses
not true pathogens
only in immunosuppressed patients
systemic mycoses
originate in the lungs
phagocytosis by macrophages, spread to many organs
can be fatal
systemic mycoses treatment
flucytosine and amphotericin b
many fungi have what that inactive drugs
a detoxification system
histoplasma capsulatum
histoplasmosis
mold that transforms into a yeast after being inhaled
histoplasma capsulatum treatment
amphotericin B
Blastomyces dermatitidis
Blastomycosis
mold that transforms into a yeast after being inhaled
Blastomyces dermatitis treatment
amphotericin B
Coccidiodes immitis
coccidiodomycosis
systemic
mold converts to a large endospore containing spherule in the body
Coccidiodes immitis causes
wide spectrum of pulmonary disease, skin and osteoarticular lesions, abscesses and meningitis
Coccidiodes immitis treatment
amphotericin b, itraconazole, fluconazole
candida albicans
opportunist, normal human flora
mucous membranes and skin affected
candidasis
candida albicans causes
candidiasis (thrush, vaginitis and diaper rash)
vulvovaginal candidiasis (yeast infection)
Cryptococcus neoformans
encapsulated environmental yeast via inhalation
systemic
cryptococcosis
cryptococcus neoformans causes
chronic lymphocytic meningitis
cryptococcus neoformas treatment
amphotericin B plus flucytosine and fluconazole
Aspergillus flavus/fumigatus
opportunist environmental mold
not normal human flora
in immunocompromised
mycotoxin that causes cancer
amebas
formless cells that move purposefully by extending pseudopods toward an attractive stimulus
Flagellates
intestinal and blood protozoa that is one or more flagella for locomotion
arthropod borne
ciliates
protozoa covered with tiny cilia that provide locomotion
extremely unusual
Apicomplexans (sporozoa)
important pathogens that include the agents of malaria, toxoplasmosis and other intestinal parasites
intracellular replication, gliding motility
Entamoeba histolytica causes
Amebic dysentery (presence of erythrocytes)
from contaminated water
Amebic dysentery
Destroys the epithelial lining of the large intestine; liver, lung, brain abscesses
Entamoeba histolytia treatment
metronidazole, tinidazole, paromomycin and iodoquinol
Cryptosporidium parvum
Cryptosporidiosis - causes diarrhea
found in the intestines of many birds and mammals
Cryptosporidium parvum ingestion
existence in the small intestine –> released sporozoites parasitize intestinal epithelial cells
diagnosis of Cryptosporidium parvum
microscoping, immunologic tests
treatment of Cryptosporidium parvum
nitazoxanide
naegleria and acanthamoeba
Freshwater amoeba
facultative parasites that cause primary amebic meningoencephalitis and keratitis
Keratitis mainly effects
soft contact lens wearers
Giardiasis-Giardia Lamblia
most common cause of waterborne epidemic diarrheal disease
transmission of Giardiasis-Giardia Lamblia
cyst contaminated water supplies
(avoid contaminated water)
treatment for Giardiasis-Giardia Lamblia
metronidazole
Malaria
plasmodium species
transmitted by a bite of an infected female mosquito
reproduces in the liver and also penetrates erythrocytes
anemia can result from malaria and result in what?
splenomegaly and hepatomegaly
what is very toxic in malaria and what does it trigger
TNF-alpha and interleukin-1
triggers chills and fevers
treatment for malaria
chloroquine, doxycycline, malarone, mefloquine, proguanil
Hemoflagellate diseases
caused by flagellated protozoa that infect blood
Leishmania donovanni
Leishmaniasis
Transmitted by sandflies from canines and rodents; can be mucocutaneous, cutaneous, or visceral;
Treatment for Leishmania donovanni
pentavalent antimonial compounds
Toxoplasma gondii
toxoplasmosis
fecal-oral transmission from infected animals
ingestion of undercooked meat, blood transfusion, etc.
toxoplasmosis is characterized by
lymphadenopathy
diagnosis of toxoplasmosis
serological tests
treatment of toxoplasmosis
pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine
T. brucei
African sleeping sickness by tsetse flies
causes interstitial inflammation and necrosis of the lymph nodes, brain, and heart
T. cruzi
Chagas disease
transmitted when a bite of tiatomid bug is contaminated with insect feces
T. Cruzi treatment
suramine, pentamidine, melarsoprol, eflornithine, nifurtimox
diagnosis of T. Cruzi
microscopic examination of blood and b y serological tests
