Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Immunology and Microbiology > Hepatitis (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Hepatitis (Exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Hepatitis

A

Inflammation of the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Two types of hepatitis

A

Acute (<6 months)
chronic (>6 months)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Causes of Hepatitis

A

VIRUSES
drug toxicity
alcohol
autoimmune diseases
bacteria
parasites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Symptoms of Hepatitis

A

Swelling of liver
Jaundice
dark urine
Transaminase- alkaline phosphate levels increased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Symptoms of Viral Hepatitis

A

Yellowing skin and eyes, dark urine, loss of appetite, fatigue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Compensated Cirrhosis

A

Liver can still function, no signs or symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Decompensated Cirrhosis

A

Liver is too damaged to function normally, symptoms such as jaundice and ascites are present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Progression of Hepatitis

A

Normal liver –> chronic hepatitis –> hepatitis with fibrosis –> bridging fibrosis –> cirrhosis with hepatocellular carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which hepatitis have a vaccine?

A

Hepatitis A and B
No vaccine for Hepatitis C (good luck)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which hepatitis cause liver cancer?

A

Hepatitis B and C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How long does Hepatitis A last?

A

Few weeks to several months (2 months), most recover with no lasting liver damage, very rare but death can occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How long does Hepatitis B last?

A

Few weeks to serious, life-long condition with individuals developing chronic liver disease - cirrhosis, failure, cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How long does Hepatitis C last?

A

Few weeks to serious, life-long condition
Most develop chronic hepatitis C
5%-25% with ^ will develop cirrhosis over 10-20 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Unimmunized infants who get infected by hepatitis B

A

Develop chronic INFECTION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Older children and adults who get infected by hepatitis B

A

Develop chronic hepatitis B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How is Hepatitis A spread?

A

Ingesting fecal matter from contaminated sources/people
Food, drinks including ice, blood, stool, direct sex contact, poor sanitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How is Hepatitis B spread?

A

Blood, semen, bodily fluids from infected person enter body of uninfected, sex, sharing of personal items, needles. can also be transmitted from birth to an infected mother

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How is Hepatitis C spread?

A

Blood from infected person enters body of someone uninfected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Global mortality from viral hepatitis is…

A

INCREASING o_o

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

HAV virus

A

ssRNA
No envelope - Capsid
Picorna/hepatovirus
Fecal-oral
Not chronic
heat and acid stable
high prevalance/contagious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

HBV virus

A

dsDNA
Envelope
Hepadnaviridae
Parenteral
Chronic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

HCV virus

A

ssRNA
Envelope
Parenteral
Flaviviridae + Hepacivirus
Chronic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

HDV virus

A

ssRNA
Envelope
Parenteral
Delta virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

HEV virus

A

ssRNA
No envelope - Capsid
Waterborne, animals
Togavirus and alpha virus-like
Chronic - immunocompromised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

who is at risk for HAV?

A

close contacts of HAV-infected individuals, recreational drug users, travelers to endemic areas, homeless individuals, MSM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

prevention of HAV

A

vaccination - HepA (inactivated/killed vaccine)
post-exposure prophylaxis within 14 days - immune globulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

HAV pathogenesis

A

ingestion
replication in oropharynx/GI tract
transported to liver
sited in bile
transported to intestines
shed in feces
brief viremia
cellular immune response-clinical disease and control
uses liver cell for viral replication; interferes with liver function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

major site of replication

A

liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

incubation of HAV

A

15-45 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

incubation of HBV

A

45-160 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

incubation of HCV

A

15-150 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

incubation of HDV

A

30-60 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

incubation of HEV

A

15-60

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

leading cause of liver cancer worldwide from which infection?

A

Hepatitis B infection
- no cure, infants and children most likely to develop this
- vaccine preventable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

HBeAg

A

HBV e-antigen (expressed when actively replicating)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

HBsAg

A

HBV surface antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

HBcAg

A

HBV core antigen

38
Q

HBV care for adults and children

A

see liver specialist every 6 months.
- physical exam
- blood tests for Hep B markes
- blood tests for liver enzymes (ALT/AST)
- blood tests for liver cancer screening (AFP)
- imaging studies of the liver (ultrasound, CT scans, FibroScan)

39
Q

HBV treatments

A

direct anti0viral medications (nucleoside analogs):
- Entecavir
- Lamivudine
- Adefovir dipivoxil
- Telbivudine
- Tenofovir alafenamide
-Tenofovir

Immune boosters:
- interferon alpha 2b
pegylated interferon

40
Q

who is at risk for Hepatitis A?

A

close contacts of HAV infected
recreational drug users
travelers
homeless individuals
MSM

41
Q

Does HAV cause chronic infections?

A

NO!
infection usually resolves within 2 months

42
Q

HAV is preventable by

A

vaccination and post exposure prophylaxis

43
Q

HAV pathogenesis

A

ingestion –> replication in GI tract –> transported to liver –> shed in bile –> transported to intestines –> shed in feces

44
Q

prevention of HAV preexposure? post exposure?

A

pre - HepA vaccine (inactivated/killed vaccine)
post - immune globulin (within 14 days)

45
Q

what part of the virus is used for vaccine?

A

the surface antigen

46
Q

HBV viral genome

A

3.2 kb
core and surface antigens

47
Q

Hepadnaviral replication

A

RC-DNA transported to nucleus –> repaired to form cccDNA –> transcription to pgRNA –> pgRNA is encapsidated and reverse transcribed in nucleocapsid

48
Q

Hepatitis B infection is the

A

leading cause of liver cancer worldwide

49
Q

is there a cure for hepatitis B?

50
Q

how is hepatitis B transmitted?

A

parenteral via infected body fluids
unprotected sex
needle sticks
mother to fetus

51
Q

global viral hepatitis B

A

257m global

52
Q

acute hepB serology

A

total anti-HBc stays for a long time
IgM anti-HBc goes down

53
Q

chronic hepB serology

A

HBsAg stays around for some time and is larger than total anti-HBc (antibodies)

54
Q

standard recommendation for care to visit a liver specialist is

A

every six months
can be more/less depending on medical situation

55
Q

testing during liver specialist recommendation

A

physical exam
blood tests for hepb markers
blood tests for liver enzymes
blood tests for liver cancer screening
imaging studies of the liver

56
Q

persons who are HBsAg positive should not

A

not share toothbrushes/razors
not share injection equipment
not share glucose testing equipment

57
Q

persons who are HBsAg positive should have

A

household and sexual contacts vaccinated

58
Q

so blood doesn’t spread, persons who are HBsAg positive should

A

cover open cuts and scratches
clean blood spills with bleach solution
not donate blood, organs or sperm

59
Q

subunit recombinat vaccine

A

first dose given at birth

60
Q

HEV is transmitted via

A

fecal oral route, principally via contaminated water

61
Q

what happens if someone is infected with hep B at birth?

A

progress to chronic HBV infections

62
Q

is there a vaccine for HEV?

A

yes but it is not approved in the US
only in China

63
Q

Treatment for HEV

A

Ribavirin
treatment of severe acute HEV and chronic HEV infections
symptomatic treatment

64
Q

HEV infections usually

A

resolve on their own within 4 to 6 weeks

65
Q

blood donor screening is done for which hepatitis?

A

hepB and hepC

66
Q

Hepb treatment

A

interferon (PegIFN)

67
Q

the cure rates for chronic HCV

68
Q

progression of hepatitis C can take

A

25-30 years

69
Q

serologic pattern of acute HCV infection

A

anti-HCV is still present even if the virus isn’t
might not have active virus over time

70
Q

HBV post exposure prophylaxis

A

anyone who is non-HBV-immune of unknown HBV status should receive prophylaxis and initiation of HBV vaccination WITHIN 24 HOURS of suspected exposure

71
Q

prevalence by risk based of HCV is

A

MSM
long term kidney dialysis
healthcare workers exposed
children born to HCV infected mothers
incarceration
recipient of a unsterile tattoo
recipients of blood transfusion

72
Q

In the United States, Hepatitis C is

A

under diagnosed (75%)

73
Q

how much of the world has viral hepatitis C

A

71m global (1/4 of the amount of hepB)

74
Q

chronic infection of HCV can lead to cirrhosis which leads to

A

liver failure or hepatocellular carcinoma

75
Q

North America is not really affected by hepC because of

A

screening in blood banks

76
Q

Hepatitis C virus is associated with

A

flavivirus (dengue, west nile, yellow fever, zika)

77
Q

heterogeneity of HCV

A

no proofreading in the polymerase –> mutations –> viral diversity

78
Q

HDV is a

A

defective virus that consists of a protein capsule surrounding low molecular weight RNA

79
Q

heterogeneity of HCV allows for

A

escape from host immune system and medications

80
Q

how many genotypes and subtypes of HCV are there?

A

six major genotypes with over 15 subtypes

81
Q

there are multiple different types of hepC that differ

A

slightly in the genome

82
Q

HCV life cycle follows

83
Q

HBV-HDV

A

co-infection
getting infected simultaneously with HBV and HDV
low risk 5% of chronic infection, severe acute disease

84
Q

HDV superinfection in HBV Carrier

A

being chronically infected with HBV and contracting HDV
usually develop chronic HDV infection
high 70-90% chronic liver disease

85
Q

HDV therpahy

A

none, sucks to be u

86
Q

Lambda mechanism

A

immune response stimulator

87
Q

Myrcludex B mechanism

A

entry inhibitor

88
Q

Lonafarnib mechanism

A

prenylation inhibitor

89
Q

ezetimibe

A

NTCP inhibitor

90
Q

REP 2139
REP 2165

A

HBsAg Inhibitor

91
Q

GI- 18000

A

Immune response stimulator

92
Q

ALN-HDV

A

RNAi Gene Silencer

Immunology and Microbiology (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions