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Immunology and Microbiology > Chapter 8 - T cell mediated Immunity > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - T cell mediated Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

challenge of immune system upon infection

A

there are only a small fraction of specific T cells in the blood

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2
Q

result of pathogens meeting T cells

A

must produce an expanded effector T cell population primed to fight infection but is self tolerant

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3
Q

dendritic ells are essential

A

activators of the adaptive immune system

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4
Q

dendritic cells bring pathogen antigens to

A

secondary lymphoid tissue

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5
Q

Macrophages major function

A

defense and repair of tissues

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6
Q

dendritic cells major functions

A

trigger T cell responses

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7
Q

dendritic cells in peripheral tissues vs lymphoid tissues

A

peripheral - extensive phagocytosis

lymphoid - presentation of peptide:MHC to T cells

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8
Q

when dendritic cells are in lymphoid circulation

A

phagocytosis is topped

MHC molecules move out to surface

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9
Q

macropinocytosis

A

nonspecific ingestion of large amounts of extracellular fluid signals for dendritic cells maturation and migration

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10
Q

ways dendritic cells present antigens

A

receptor mediated endocytosis
macropinocytosis
viral infection
cross presentation

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11
Q

TLR signaling increases efficiency of

A

MHC class II presentation of peptides

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12
Q

chemokine induce

A

migration to secondary lymphoid tissue

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13
Q

2 phases of T cell migration

A

migration of naive T cells from blood to secondary lymphoid tissues
migration of activated T cells from secondary lymphoid to peripheral tissues

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14
Q

what happens to T cells that encounter specific antigen?

what happens if they don’t?

A

if they do - they proliferate and differentiate into effector cells

if they don’t - they leave the node in the efferent lymph

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15
Q

naive T cells recirculate through ______________ tissues through either _______________ or _______________

A

secondary lymphoid

blood

afferent lymph

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16
Q

direct route of naive T cells

A

migrations to draining lymph node via blood

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17
Q

indirect route of naive T cells

A

did not encounter antigen in one lymph node but traveled to draining lymph node and found it there

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18
Q

homing of T cells to 2o lymphoid tissue

A

using receptors to follow concentration gradient (chemokine) on HEV cells

initial contact induces interactions between other adhesion moleules

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19
Q

homing of T cells to 2o lymphoid tissue is similar to

A

neutrophils

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20
Q

T cell interaction is necessary to _________ the T cell so that it can become a _________________

A

prime

effector T cell

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21
Q

in the lymph node, T cells survey __________________ on dendritic cells via _________________

A

peptide:MHC complexes

transient contacts

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22
Q

interaction between dendritic cell and T cell lasts

A

several days

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23
Q

when a T cell proliferates and differentiates, is it still bound to dendritic cells?

A

YES

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24
Q

conjugate pair

A

tight binding of dendritic cel and T cell via specific peptide MHC complex

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25
costimulation
necessary for proliferation and differentiation of naive T cells into mature effector T cells
26
what is required for naive T cell activation?
costimulation by B7 to CD28
27
signal 1 of costimulation
peptide:MHC
28
signal 2 of costimulation
b7 and CD28
29
signal 1 and signal 2 must be delivered ___________ by a single APC
simultaneously
30
is costimulation delivered by multiple cell types?
NO only professional APCs
31
B7 is not expressed on APC in
absence of infection
32
B7 expression is induced by
signaling from TLR other innate immune receptors
33
if a T cell only receives one signal, the T cell becomes
anergic
34
naive T cells are activated inly when
innate immune system senses infection
35
only in the ______________ will a dendritic cell be able to activate a naive T cell
presence of infection
36
CTLA4
expressed by activated T cell later in immune response regulates T cell response, prevents tissue damage
37
Binding of B7 to _____________ prevents ___________ of T cells
CTLA4 overstimulation
38
ITAM
immunoreceptor tyrosine based activation motif
39
Muromonab CD3, Otelixumab
targets CD3 suppress T cell reactions in transplant rejections, autoimmune diabetes
40
Immunological synapse
clustered TCR, MHC, coreceptor
41
NFAT
nuclear factor of activated T cells goes into nucleus --> activates transcription of genes to activate T cells
42
TCR binding and costimulation activate
IL-2 gene expression
43
signal 1 of costimulation in relation to IL-2
induces NFAT to activate IL-2 tanscription
44
signal 2 of costimulation in relation to IL-2
stabilizes IL-2 mRNA --> increases rate of IL-2 transcription
45
IL-2 induces
T cell proliferation
46
how does IL-2 signal?
autocrine signaling
47
many cytokines that stimulate T cells activate what pathway?
JAX-STAT pathway
48
JAX-STAT pathway
invalid in IL-2 signaling
49
Tofacitnib (Xeljanz) and Upadacitinib (RINVOQ)
oral small molecule JAK inhibitor, prevent activation of JAKs and STATs rheumatoid arthritis and ulcerative colitis
50
activate of effector T cell changes
expression of cell adhesion molecules
51
switching from L-selectin to ___________ allows T cells to ___________________
VLA-4 fight infection in the periphery
52
is VLA-4 found in resting CD4 T cells? why?
NO only activated it is for infected tissue homing
53
VLA-4
directs migration to infected tissue binds VCAM-1 on activated endothelium allows T cells to home to sites of inflammation and infection
54
effector function are
different ways in which T cell directly destroys pathogen or helps other cells eliminate it
55
Th1
leave lymphoid tissue helps macrophages CD4 induce inflammation
56
Th17
leave lymphoid tissue recruits neutrophils CD4 CXCL8 production
57
Th2
leave lymphoid tissue eliminate parasites CD4 IgE production
58
TFH
remain in lymphoid helps B cells CD4 Isotype switching
59
Treg
circulate in periphery, suppress CD4 inhibit inflammation
60
CTL
leave lymphoid tissue and kill infected cells CD8
61
Recognition of naive T cell needs ___ & ____ for activation
MHC:peptide costimulation
62
Effector function of T cells needs ___ for activation
MHC:peptide ONLY NO COSTIMULATION
63
APC can stimulate effector T cells
WITHOUT costimulation
64
IFN-gamma
inhibits viral replication increases processing and presentation
65
CD8 cells cytotoxins
Perforin Granzymes Granulysin Serglycin
66
Th1 cells cytokines
IFN-gamma
67
Th2 cells cytokines
IL-4
68
Th17 cells cytokines
IL-17
69
Tfh cells cytokines
IL-21 IL-4
70
Treg cells cytokines
TGF-beta
71
Effector function of activated CD8 T cells
Kill infected host cells
72
What triggers polarized release of lytic granules to target?
Binding of TCR on CD8 T cells
73
Pathways of inducing apoptosis in target cell
1. Make pores in membrane --> deliver cytotoxins 2. Fas-ligand on T cell binds Fas on target
74
Necrotic vs. Apoptotic cells
Necrotic: fragmented membrane, components spill out Apoptotic: intact membrane, components condensed and don't spill out
75
Why are CD8 cells serial killers?
CTL resynthesizes lytic granules so it is able to kill more than one target cell
76
Difference between CD8 T cells and neutrophils
CD8 can kill many cells Neutrophils die after killing one
77
Effector functions of activated CD4 T cells
-Help macrophages and B cells -Improve neutrophil response -Stimulate parasite response -Suppress T cell response
78
Th1 Response
Cell-mediated immunity Dominated by effector cell activation
79
Th2 Response
Humoral immunity Dominated by antibodies
80
Differentiation of CD4 T cells depends on
Nature of pathogen Tissue of origin of dendritic cell Innate immune response
81
Help that Th1 cells give macrophages
CD40 ligand expression on T cell IFNg secretion by T cell
82
How do Th2 cells remove parasites?
IgE production forms bridges between eosinophils and parasites Eosinophil releases toxins that kill
83
Help that Tfh cells give B cells
CD40 ligand expression on T cell T cell secretion of IL-4, IL-21
84
How do Th17 cells recruit neutrophils?
Stimulate IL-8 production which recruits neutrophils
85
Treg mechanism of suppression
1. prevent dendritic cells from interacting 2. directly inhibit effector T cells
86
Treg characteristics
High CD25 expression Express FoxP3 TGF-beta
87
Problem of too many Treg cells
Exacerbated hepatitis B infection or tuberculosis

Immunology and Microbiology (22 decks)

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