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Immunology and Microbiology > Chapter 8 - T cell mediated Immunity > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - T cell mediated Immunity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

challenge of immune system upon infection

A

there are only a small fraction of specific T cells in the blood

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2
Q

result of pathogens meeting T cells

A

must produce an expanded effector T cell population primed to fight infection but is self tolerant

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3
Q

dendritic ells are essential

A

activators of the adaptive immune system

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4
Q

dendritic cells bring pathogen antigens to

A

secondary lymphoid tissue

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5
Q

Macrophages major function

A

defense and repair of tissues

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6
Q

dendritic cells major functions

A

trigger T cell responses

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7
Q

dendritic cells in peripheral tissues vs lymphoid tissues

A

peripheral - extensive phagocytosis

lymphoid - presentation of peptide:MHC to T cells

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8
Q

when dendritic cells are in lymphoid circulation

A

phagocytosis is topped

MHC molecules move out to surface

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9
Q

macropinocytosis

A

nonspecific ingestion of large amounts of extracellular fluid signals for dendritic cells maturation and migration

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10
Q

ways dendritic cells present antigens

A

receptor mediated endocytosis
macropinocytosis
viral infection
cross presentation

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11
Q

TLR signaling increases efficiency of

A

MHC class II presentation of peptides

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12
Q

chemokine induce

A

migration to secondary lymphoid tissue

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13
Q

2 phases of T cell migration

A

migration of naive T cells from blood to secondary lymphoid tissues
migration of activated T cells from secondary lymphoid to peripheral tissues

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14
Q

what happens to T cells that encounter specific antigen?

what happens if they don’t?

A

if they do - they proliferate and differentiate into effector cells

if they don’t - they leave the node in the efferent lymph

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15
Q

naive T cells recirculate through ______________ tissues through either _______________ or _______________

A

secondary lymphoid

blood

afferent lymph

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16
Q

direct route of naive T cells

A

migrations to draining lymph node via blood

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17
Q

indirect route of naive T cells

A

did not encounter antigen in one lymph node but traveled to draining lymph node and found it there

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18
Q

homing of T cells to 2o lymphoid tissue

A

using receptors to follow concentration gradient (chemokine) on HEV cells

initial contact induces interactions between other adhesion moleules

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19
Q

homing of T cells to 2o lymphoid tissue is similar to

A

neutrophils

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20
Q

T cell interaction is necessary to _________ the T cell so that it can become a _________________

A

prime

effector T cell

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21
Q

in the lymph node, T cells survey __________________ on dendritic cells via _________________

A

peptide:MHC complexes

transient contacts

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22
Q

interaction between dendritic cell and T cell lasts

A

several days

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23
Q

when a T cell proliferates and differentiates, is it still bound to dendritic cells?

A

YES

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24
Q

conjugate pair

A

tight binding of dendritic cel and T cell via specific peptide MHC complex

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25
Q

costimulation

A

necessary for proliferation and differentiation of naive T cells into mature effector T cells

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26
Q

what is required for naive T cell activation?

A

costimulation by B7 to CD28

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27
Q

signal 1 of costimulation

A

peptide:MHC

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28
Q

signal 2 of costimulation

A

b7 and CD28

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29
Q

signal 1 and signal 2 must be delivered ___________ by a single APC

A

simultaneously

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30
Q

is costimulation delivered by multiple cell types?

A

NO

only professional APCs

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31
Q

B7 is not expressed on APC in

A

absence of infection

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32
Q

B7 expression is induced by

A

signaling from TLR

other innate immune receptors

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33
Q

if a T cell only receives one signal, the T cell becomes

A

anergic

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34
Q

naive T cells are activated inly when

A

innate immune system senses infection

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35
Q

only in the ______________ will a dendritic cell be able to activate a naive T cell

A

presence of infection

36
Q

CTLA4

A

expressed by activated T cell later in immune response
regulates T cell response, prevents tissue damage

37
Q

Binding of B7 to _____________ prevents ___________ of T cells

A

CTLA4

overstimulation

38
Q

ITAM

A

immunoreceptor tyrosine based activation motif

39
Q

Muromonab CD3, Otelixumab

A

targets CD3
suppress T cell reactions in transplant rejections, autoimmune diabetes

40
Q

Immunological synapse

A

clustered TCR, MHC, coreceptor

41
Q

NFAT

A

nuclear factor of activated T cells

goes into nucleus –> activates transcription of genes to activate T cells

42
Q

TCR binding and costimulation activate

A

IL-2 gene expression

43
Q

signal 1 of costimulation in relation to IL-2

A

induces NFAT to activate IL-2 tanscription

44
Q

signal 2 of costimulation in relation to IL-2

A

stabilizes IL-2 mRNA –> increases rate of IL-2 transcription

45
Q

IL-2 induces

A

T cell proliferation

46
Q

how does IL-2 signal?

A

autocrine signaling

47
Q

many cytokines that stimulate T cells activate what pathway?

A

JAX-STAT pathway

48
Q

JAX-STAT pathway

A

invalid in IL-2 signaling

49
Q

Tofacitnib (Xeljanz) and Upadacitinib (RINVOQ)

A

oral small molecule JAK inhibitor, prevent activation of JAKs and STATs
rheumatoid arthritis and ulcerative colitis

50
Q

activate of effector T cell changes

A

expression of cell adhesion molecules

51
Q

switching from L-selectin to ___________ allows T cells to ___________________

A

VLA-4

fight infection in the periphery

52
Q

is VLA-4 found in resting CD4 T cells?

why?

A

NO only activated

it is for infected tissue homing

53
Q

VLA-4

A

directs migration to infected tissue

binds VCAM-1 on activated endothelium

allows T cells to home to sites of inflammation and infection

54
Q

effector function are

A

different ways in which T cell directly destroys pathogen or helps other cells eliminate it

55
Q

Th1

A

leave lymphoid tissue
helps macrophages
CD4
induce inflammation

56
Q

Th17

A

leave lymphoid tissue
recruits neutrophils
CD4
CXCL8 production

57
Q

Th2

A

leave lymphoid tissue
eliminate parasites
CD4
IgE production

58
Q

TFH

A

remain in lymphoid
helps B cells
CD4
Isotype switching

59
Q

Treg

A

circulate in periphery, suppress
CD4
inhibit inflammation

60
Q

CTL

A

leave lymphoid tissue and kill infected cells
CD8

61
Q

Recognition of naive T cell needs ___ & ____ for activation

A

MHC:peptide
costimulation

62
Q

Effector function of T cells needs ___ for activation

A

MHC:peptide ONLY
NO COSTIMULATION

63
Q

APC can stimulate effector T cells

A

WITHOUT costimulation

64
Q

IFN-gamma

A

inhibits viral replication
increases processing and presentation

65
Q

CD8 cells cytotoxins

A

Perforin
Granzymes
Granulysin
Serglycin

66
Q

Th1 cells cytokines

A

IFN-gamma

67
Q

Th2 cells cytokines

A

IL-4

68
Q

Th17 cells cytokines

A

IL-17

69
Q

Tfh cells cytokines

A

IL-21
IL-4

70
Q

Treg cells cytokines

A

TGF-beta

71
Q

Effector function of activated CD8 T cells

A

Kill infected host cells

72
Q

What triggers polarized release of lytic granules to target?

A

Binding of TCR on CD8 T cells

73
Q

Pathways of inducing apoptosis in target cell

A
  1. Make pores in membrane –> deliver cytotoxins
  2. Fas-ligand on T cell binds Fas on target
74
Q

Necrotic vs. Apoptotic cells

A

Necrotic: fragmented membrane, components spill out
Apoptotic: intact membrane, components condensed and don’t spill out

75
Q

Why are CD8 cells serial killers?

A

CTL resynthesizes lytic granules so it is able to kill more than one target cell

76
Q

Difference between CD8 T cells and neutrophils

A

CD8 can kill many cells
Neutrophils die after killing one

77
Q

Effector functions of activated CD4 T cells

A

-Help macrophages and B cells
-Improve neutrophil response
-Stimulate parasite response
-Suppress T cell response

78
Q

Th1 Response

A

Cell-mediated immunity
Dominated by effector cell activation

79
Q

Th2 Response

A

Humoral immunity
Dominated by antibodies

80
Q

Differentiation of CD4 T cells depends on

A

Nature of pathogen
Tissue of origin of dendritic cell
Innate immune response

81
Q

Help that Th1 cells give macrophages

A

CD40 ligand expression on T cell
IFNg secretion by T cell

82
Q

How do Th2 cells remove parasites?

A

IgE production forms bridges between eosinophils and parasites
Eosinophil releases toxins that kill

83
Q

Help that Tfh cells give B cells

A

CD40 ligand expression on T cell
T cell secretion of IL-4, IL-21

84
Q

How do Th17 cells recruit neutrophils?

A

Stimulate IL-8 production which recruits neutrophils

85
Q

Treg mechanism of suppression

A
  1. prevent dendritic cells from interacting
  2. directly inhibit effector T cells
86
Q

Treg characteristics

A

High CD25 expression
Express FoxP3
TGF-beta

87
Q

Problem of too many Treg cells

A

Exacerbated hepatitis B infection or tuberculosis

Immunology and Microbiology (22 decks)

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