immediate innate immunity (exam 2)

Question 1

defense is based on where

Answer 1

pathogens reside

Question 2

defense mechanisms against pathogens are

Answer 2

on intact epithelial surfaces
in tissues underneath

Question 3

types of infections

Answer 3

extracellular
intracellular

Question 4

immediate innate immune response

Answer 4

0-4 hours after infection
performed effector molecules and resident effector cells in infected tissue

Question 5

performed effector molecules include

Answer 5

complement
defensins
pentraxins

Question 6

resident effector cells in infected tissue include

Answer 6

macrophages
dendritic cells

Question 7

major consequence of innate immunity

Answer 7

inflammation

Question 8

complement

Answer 8

one of the first weapons
soluble proteins made by the liver
made up of over 30 proteins

Question 9

complement is present in

Answer 9

the blood, lymph, and extracellular fluids

Question 10

how does complement make the pathogen more easily phagocytosed?

Answer 10

it coats the surface of bacteria/extracellular viruses

Question 11

most important component of compliment

Answer 11

C3
cleavage of C3a (small) and C3b

Question 12

in the innate immune, infection triggers

Answer 12

complement activation cascade

Question 13

3 pathways of complement activation

Answer 13

alternative
lectin
classical

Question 14

all pathways of complement activation lead to

Answer 14

C3 cleavage
deposition of C3b
recruitment of similar effector mechanisms to destroy pathogens

Question 15

types of C3 convertases

Answer 15

iC3Bb (soluble C3 convertase)
C3bBb (alternative C3 convertase)

Question 16

iC3Bb

Answer 16

initial hydrolysis of C3 is catalyzed by environment near bacterial surface

Question 17

Complement control proteins

Answer 17

plasma proteins
membrane proteins

Question 18

regulation of complement activation

Answer 18

combined effect of promoting and regulating C3 activation
deposit C3b on pathogen surface, not human cells
self from nonself

Question 19

first effector cells encountered

Answer 19

macrophages

Question 20

macrophages _______ many pathogens using ________

Answer 20

phagocytose

MO receptors

Question 21

examples of complement receptors that bind C3b

Answer 21

CR1, CR2, CR3 and CR4

Question 22

opsonization

Answer 22

coating of pathogen with protein that facilitates phagocytosis

Question 23

C5

Answer 23

similar to C3
initiates formation of membrane attack complex which makes holes in cell membranes

Question 24

C3b2Bb

Answer 24

alternative C5 convertase –> C5a and C5b

Question 25

C6, C7

Answer 25

recruited by C5

Question 26

C8

Answer 26

binds C5b and exposes hydrophobic site

Question 27

C9

Answer 27

forms transmembrane holes

Question 28

deficiency in C5-C9

Answer 28

more susceptibility to infections
not uncommon

Question 29

inherited deficiency in C3

Answer 29

more severe
frequent bouts of infection

Question 30

Regulation of terminal complement proteins

Answer 30

soluble proteins and membrane proteins

(dec activity of making holes in the membrane)

Question 31

paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

Answer 31

complement mediated lysis of RBC
attacking self

Question 32

anaphylatoxins

Answer 32

C3a and C5a
increase inflammation
facilitates plasma protein and cell transport to infection

Question 33

in anaphylatoxins are systemic, they can induce

Answer 33

anaphylactic shock

Question 34

anaphylatoxins increase inflammation by

Answer 34

binding receptors of several cells
attract neutrophils and monocytes
trigger release of histamine and other substances

Question 35

other plasma proteins that inhibit infection

Answer 35

coagulation system
kinin system
protease inhibitors

Question 36

a2-macroglobulins

Answer 36

inhibit proteases that break down tissues

Question 37

kinin system

Answer 37

increase vasodilation
triggered by tissue damage

Question 38

coagulation system

Answer 38

clots
closes off where pathogen is going

Question 39

defensins

Answer 39

antimicrobial peptides
amphipathic
penetrate microbial membranes
denature microbial toxins

Question 40

defensins are for

why?

Answer 40

human cell protection

they produce in inactive form and function poorly in physiological conditions

Question 41

defensins are active in

Answer 41

tears, sweat, phagosome, etc.

Question 42

defensins are found in ______ and _______

Answer 42

neutrophils
paneth cells

Question 43

defensins differ in

Answer 43

amino acid sequence
specificities for microbes
area protected

Question 44

Pentraxins

Answer 44

plasma proteins that bind microbes and deliver them to phagocytes

function similar to antibodies