immediate innate immunity (exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

defense is based on where

A

pathogens reside

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2
Q

defense mechanisms against pathogens are

A

on intact epithelial surfaces
in tissues underneath

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3
Q

types of infections

A

extracellular
intracellular

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4
Q

immediate innate immune response

A

0-4 hours after infection
performed effector molecules and resident effector cells in infected tissue

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5
Q

performed effector molecules include

A

complement
defensins
pentraxins

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6
Q

resident effector cells in infected tissue include

A

macrophages
dendritic cells

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7
Q

major consequence of innate immunity

A

inflammation

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8
Q

complement

A

one of the first weapons
soluble proteins made by the liver
made up of over 30 proteins

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9
Q

complement is present in

A

the blood, lymph, and extracellular fluids

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10
Q

how does complement make the pathogen more easily phagocytosed?

A

it coats the surface of bacteria/extracellular viruses

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11
Q

most important component of compliment

A

C3
cleavage of C3a (small) and C3b

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12
Q

in the innate immune, infection triggers

A

complement activation cascade

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13
Q

3 pathways of complement activation

A

alternative
lectin
classical

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14
Q

all pathways of complement activation lead to

A

C3 cleavage
deposition of C3b
recruitment of similar effector mechanisms to destroy pathogens

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15
Q

types of C3 convertases

A

iC3Bb (soluble C3 convertase)
C3bBb (alternative C3 convertase)

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16
Q

iC3Bb

A

initial hydrolysis of C3 is catalyzed by environment near bacterial surface

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17
Q

Complement control proteins

A

plasma proteins
membrane proteins

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18
Q

regulation of complement activation

A

combined effect of promoting and regulating C3 activation
deposit C3b on pathogen surface, not human cells
self from nonself

19
Q

first effector cells encountered

A

macrophages

20
Q

macrophages _______ many pathogens using ________

A

phagocytose

MO receptors

21
Q

examples of complement receptors that bind C3b

A

CR1, CR2, CR3 and CR4

22
Q

opsonization

A

coating of pathogen with protein that facilitates phagocytosis

23
Q

C5

A

similar to C3
initiates formation of membrane attack complex which makes holes in cell membranes

24
Q

C3b2Bb

A

alternative C5 convertase –> C5a and C5b

25
C6, C7
recruited by C5
26
C8
binds C5b and exposes hydrophobic site
27
C9
forms transmembrane holes
28
deficiency in C5-C9
more susceptibility to infections not uncommon
29
inherited deficiency in C3
more severe frequent bouts of infection
30
Regulation of terminal complement proteins
soluble proteins and membrane proteins (dec activity of making holes in the membrane)
31
paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
complement mediated lysis of RBC attacking self
32
anaphylatoxins
C3a and C5a increase inflammation facilitates plasma protein and cell transport to infection
33
in anaphylatoxins are systemic, they can induce
anaphylactic shock
34
anaphylatoxins increase inflammation by
binding receptors of several cells attract neutrophils and monocytes trigger release of histamine and other substances
35
other plasma proteins that inhibit infection
coagulation system kinin system protease inhibitors
36
a2-macroglobulins
inhibit proteases that break down tissues
37
kinin system
increase vasodilation triggered by tissue damage
38
coagulation system
clots closes off where pathogen is going
39
defensins
antimicrobial peptides amphipathic penetrate microbial membranes denature microbial toxins
40
defensins are for why?
human cell protection they produce in inactive form and function poorly in physiological conditions
41
defensins are active in
tears, sweat, phagosome, etc.
42
defensins are found in ______ and _______
neutrophils paneth cells
43
defensins differ in
amino acid sequence specificities for microbes area protected
44
Pentraxins
plasma proteins that bind microbes and deliver them to phagocytes function similar to antibodies