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Immunology and Microbiology > Herpes Virus > Flashcards

Herpes Virus Flashcards

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1
Q

can herpesviruses be distinguished from each other via electron microscopy?

A

NO!

they have identical morphology

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2
Q

properties of herpesviruses

A

enveloped double stranded DNA viruses - 150kb
latent/persisten infections

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3
Q

3 subfamilies of herpesviruses

A

alphaherpesviruses (HSV1 and 2)
betaherpesviruses (CMV)
gammaherpesviruses (HHV-8)

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4
Q

reactivation of herpesviruses is more likely to take place during

A

periods of immunosuppression

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5
Q

the genome of HSV-1 and HSV-2 share

A

50% to 70% homology

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6
Q

the natural host for HSV

A

humans

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7
Q

why is there a challenge for a vaccine for herpesviruses?

A

there is lots of variation

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8
Q

four layers of herpesviruses

A

ds DNA genome
icosapentahedral capsid
tegument
envelope

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9
Q

what is tegument?

A

amorphous protein coat
additional protection

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10
Q

the herpesvirus genome is replicated

A

by the virus encoded DNA polymerase

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11
Q

infections of human herpesvirus are

A

LIFELONG :(

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12
Q

herpesvirus establishes latency in

A

the craniospinal ganglia

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13
Q

alphaherpesvirinae

A

Human herpesvirus 1 - simplex 1
Human herpesvirus 2 - simplex 2
Human herpesvirus 3 - Varicella zoster

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14
Q

Gammaherpesvirinae

A

Human herpesvirus 4 - Epsteinbarr birus
Human herpesvirus 8 - Kapok’s sarcoma

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15
Q

Betaherpevirinae

A

Human herpesvirus 5 - CMV
Human herpesvirus 6 - sixth disease
Human herpesvirus 7

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16
Q

how is HSV spread?

A

by contact
shed in saliva, tears, genital and other secretions

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17
Q

most common cause for infection of HSV

A

kiss given to child from a person shedding the virus

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18
Q

what percent of the population acquires HSV infection through the genital route?

A

10%

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19
Q

HSV-1 establishes latency in

A

the trigeminal nerve ganglion

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20
Q

HSV is involved in a variety of clinical manifestations which includes

A

acute gingivostomatitis
herpes labialis - cold sores
ocular herpes
herpes genitalis
cutaneous herpes
meningitis
encephalitis
neonatal herpes

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21
Q

herpesviruses simplex 1 and 2 target

A

sensory neurons

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22
Q

what is the prevalence of HSV-2?

A

it is 2nd in terms of prevalence relative to HPV

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23
Q

Pregnant women with genital herpes should

A

talk to their doctor
it can be passed to the child during childbirth

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24
Q

attacks of HSV 1 and 2 can be brought on by

A

illness
fatigue
stress
immunosuppression
trauma to the affected area
menstruation

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25
Q

is there a cure or vaccines for HSV-1 and 2?

A

NO!

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26
Q

treatments for HSV-1 and 2

A

topical anesthetics (lidocaine) - itching and pain
prescription strength medications (acyclovir) - reduce healing time and pain
otc treatments

27
Q

otc treatments for HSV 1 and 2

A

abreva (docosanol 10%)
shortens duration, does not cure

28
Q

acyclovir comes in

A

patches, tablets, and cream

29
Q

mechanism of action of acyclovir

A

chain terminator that competes with natural GTP for incorporation into viral DNA

30
Q

how can acyclovir incorporate into viral DNA?

A

it is converted from acyclovir monophosphate to triphosphate
nucleotides are also triphosphates

31
Q

common side effects of acyclovir and valacyclovir

A

photosensitivity
nausea
vomiting

32
Q

Varicella-Zoster (HHV-3)

A

chicken pox
incubation: 14-16 days
highly contagious
symptoms: itchy, malaise, fever

33
Q

chickenpox vaccine led to

A

a 90% reduction in deaths

34
Q

treatment for HHV-3

A

calamine lotion
NON-aspirin fever reducers
acyclovir

35
Q

HHV-3 remains

A

dormant in dorsal root ganglia for years

36
Q

when does HHV-3 reactivate?

A

later in life, usually in persons older than 50 years

37
Q

one out of _____ people 60 years or older will get shingles

A

three

38
Q

is there treatment of cure for the severe pain caused by shingles?

A

NO!

39
Q

shingles may also lead to serious complications such as

A

pneumonia
hearing problems
complication involving the eye

40
Q

postherpetic neuralgia

A

severe pain in the area where shingles rash occurred
can last weeks to months
10-13% of patients

41
Q

Shingrix

A

more than 90% effective at preventing shingles and long term nerve pain

42
Q

shingle specific counseling points

A

avoid contact with people who have not had chickenpox or vaccine
wear loose fitting clothing
cover lesions
avoid the use of topical creams and adhesive dressings
keep the rash clean and dry
avoid sharing clothing/towels
avoid direct sunlight

43
Q

HHV-5 and 6 are spread by

A

saliva and secretions

44
Q

HHV-5 (cytomegalovirus)

A

infects epithelial cells, macrophages and T cells
causes cells to fuse to form giant cells
symptoms mimic mononucleosis

45
Q

______% of adults over 40 have had a CMV infection

A

80%

46
Q

CMV infection in an HIV+ individual is

A

a MEDICAL EMERGENCY

47
Q

when CMV infection becomes active during pregnancy, the virus can

A

cross the placenta

48
Q

10% of infected babies have symptoms at birth such as

A

prematurity
jaundice
purplish rash
seizures
pneumonia

49
Q

diagnosis of CMV

A

PCR test for viral DNA in blood

50
Q

treatment of CMV

A

ganciclovir (nucleoside)

51
Q

HHV-6 (sixth disease)

A

commonly seen during childhood (6 months - 2 years old)
fever
contagious (when fever is present)

52
Q

treatment for HHV-6

A

Non aspirin fever reducer such as an NSAID

53
Q

why do we not use aspirin with a viral illness?

A

Reye syndrome

54
Q

HHV-4 (espstein barr virus)

A

infects B cells (lymphocytes)

55
Q

HHV-4 can cause

A

Hodgkins disease
lymphoma
multiple sclerosis
infectious mononucleosis
immune deficiency

56
Q

symptoms of Epstein Barr virus

A

fatigue
fever
swollen lymph nodes
swollen liver
rash

57
Q

treatment for Epstein Barr virus

A

rest
hydration
OTC remedies for pain and fever (non aspirin)

58
Q

HHV-8 (Kaposi’s Sarcoma)

A

causes one of the most common cancers affecting persons with HIV/AIDS

59
Q

sole treatment of HHV-8

A

HAART in non-visceral KS

60
Q

eye infections caused by

A

herpes simplex virus

61
Q

gingivostomatitis caused by

A

herpes simplex type 1

62
Q

pharyngitis caused by

A

epstein barr virus
cytomegalovirus

63
Q

skin infections caused by

A

varicella zoster virus
human herpesvirus 6

64
Q

sexually transmitted diseases

A

herpes simplex type 2

Immunology and Microbiology (20 decks)

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