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Immunology and Microbiology > Immunology Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Immunology Chapter 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

flora

A

community of microbes inhabiting a niche in the body

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2
Q

why do microbes infect humans?

A

to survive and replicate

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3
Q

commensal

A

aid in digestion
provide vitamins
prevent antibiotic resistance

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4
Q

pathogenic

A

opportunistic or not
4 kinds (bacteria, fungi, viruses and internal parasites)
constant interactions with hosts

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5
Q

endemic diseases

A

gradually changing, often not deadly

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6
Q

high mortality is only caused by

A

a new pathogen

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7
Q

antibiotic resistance

A

antibiotics kill commensal bacteria and allow pathogenic bacteria to gain a foothold

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8
Q

first line of defense

A

epithelial tissues
external: skin
internal: epithelia

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9
Q

epithelia

A

continuous with skin
very vulnerable tissues, covered by mucus

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10
Q

purpose of skin and mucosa

A

mechanical, chemical and microbiological barriers
protect internal tissues and organs

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11
Q

epithelial defenses

A

sebum in sebaceous glands
lysozyme acid in stomach
microbial flora

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12
Q

2 advantages of microorganisms

A

rapid reproduction
change characteristics much quicker and hosts

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13
Q

immune system

A

host cells dedicated to defense against microorganisms
distinguish between self and nonself
can mount an adaptive response

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14
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells

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15
Q

hematopoiesis

A

process of making hematopoietic cells (WBC and others)

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16
Q

progenitor cell of hematopoietic cells

A

pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell

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17
Q

pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell

A

capable of self renewal or maturation
located in yolk sac, fetal liver, spleen and bone marrow

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18
Q

hematopoiesis occurs all

A

through life because blood cells are short lived

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19
Q

3 hematopoietic lineages

A

lymphoid
myeloid
erythroid

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20
Q

erythroid cells

A

helps with clotting
erythrocytes and megakaryocytes

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21
Q

erythrocytes

A

RBC
carry oxygen

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22
Q

megakaryocytes

A

platelets
cells with giant nucleus

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23
Q

Myeloid

A

“of the bone marrow”
granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and mast cells

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24
Q

granulocytes

A

prominent granules, kill microorganisms in inflamed tissues
2-5 lobes in nuclei (polymorphonuclear leukocytes)

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25
Q

granulocytes from highest to lowest abundance

A

neutrophil > eosinophil > basophil

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26
Q

neutrophil

A

does not bind to basic or acid stain
pus
phagocytic
short lived

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27
Q

eosinophil

A

worm defense
bind acidic stain

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28
Q

basophil

A

parasite defense
very rare
bind basic stain

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29
Q

neutrophils are stored
and are released

A

in the bone marrow
on demand to fight infection

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30
Q

can neutrophils kill multiple bacteria sequentially?

A

NO!
can only kill 1

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31
Q

monocytes

A

circulate in the blood
single lobed nucleus
progenitors of macrophages

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32
Q

macrophages

A

resident in tissues
large, irregular shape
scavenge dead cells and debris, microorganisms

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33
Q

macrophages signal to

A

other cells via cytokines to respond to infections

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34
Q

dendritic cells

A

resident in tissues
star shaped
phagocytose and degrade pathogens

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35
Q

dendritic cells migrate from

A

tissues to lymphoid organs to begin adaptive response

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36
Q

mast cells

A

resident in connective and mucosal tissue
major role in inflammation
granules similar to basophil

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37
Q

Lymphoid

A

NK cells, ILC, B and T lymphocytes

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38
Q

NK cells

A

innate immunity
circulate in blood
prevent viral replication in infected cells

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39
Q

ILC (Inate Lymphoid Cells)

A

inane immunity
resides in tissues
secretes cytokines to help activate macrophage and granulocyte responses to infection

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40
Q

B and T lymphocytes

A

adaptive immune response
circulate as immature, inactive cells

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41
Q

powerful adaptive response of B and T cells occurs in

A

1-2 weeks

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42
Q

B and T cells recognize pathogens which drives

A

lymphocyte selection, growth and differentiation

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43
Q

B cells

A

produce antibodies (soluble form of B cell receptor)

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44
Q

cytotoxic T cells

A

CD8
kill cells infected with virus or bacteria

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45
Q

helper T cells

A

CD4
secrete cytokines to help activate other cells

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46
Q

B cell receptor

A

surface Ig
secreted form in antibody
binds pathogen amino acids, sugars, etc

47
Q

T cell receptor

A

only surface bound
binds pathogen peptides

48
Q

each cell has a receptor that

A

binds a unique target

49
Q

abundance of leukocytes in human blood (from high to low)

A

neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
eosinophils
basophils

50
Q

primary lymphoid tissues

A

bone marrow and thymus

51
Q

bone marrow

A

B and T cells originate here
develop and enter blood circulation

52
Q

thymus

A

T cells develop and mature here

53
Q

Secondary lymphoid tissues

A

all others except BM and thymus

54
Q

battleground of lymphoid

A

secondary tissue
pathogens trapped here and activate lymphocytes

55
Q

Lymphatic Vessels

A

Originate in capillary beds
Collect plasma leaking from blood vessels and extracellular fluid

56
Q

Lymph Circulation

A

Blood Vessels –> Lymphatics –> Thoracic duct –> Left subclavian vein –> back to blood

57
Q

How is lymph circulation driven? What happens in absence?

A

Driven by movement of body parts
Edema can occur in absence

58
Q

Lymph Nodes

A

Secondary lymphoid tissues at intersections of LV

59
Q

Unique property of B and T cells

A

Can move through blood and lymph

60
Q

Movement of B and T cells

A

Primary lymph tissues –> blood –> secondary lymph tissues –> lymph –> return to blood

61
Q

Activated Lymph Cell

A

Remains in lymph node for a while

62
Q

Unactivated Lymph Cell

A

Leaves in efferent lymph –> blood

63
Q

Lymphocyte Recirculation

A

allows for continual survey of secondary lymphoid organs for infection

64
Q

What is the exception for lymphocyte recirculation?

A

Spleen

65
Q

What happens at lymph node step 1

A

Pathogens + infected dendritic cells carried to nearest lymph node by afferent lymphatics

66
Q

What happens at lymph node step 2

A

Battlefield: lymphocytes encounter pathogens and pathogen products

67
Q

What happens at lymph node step 3

A

Swollen glands: proliferation of activated lymphocytes at draining lymph node

68
Q

What happens at lymph node step 4

A

T cells activated by dendritic cells –> Help B cells become plasma cells

69
Q

Where do B-cells “hangout”?

A

Follicles

70
Q

Draining lymph nodes are meeting place for?

A

Pathogens
Dendritic cells carrying pathogen fragments
B and T cells

71
Q

The spleen removes…

A

damaged or senescent RBCs

72
Q

What does the spleen provide?

A

Adaptive immunity against pathogens IN BLOOD

73
Q

Asplenia

A

No spleen
Patients susceptible to infection by encapsulated bacteria

74
Q

GALT

A

Gut associated
Tonsils

75
Q

not every MALT is a

A

GALT

76
Q

Peyer’s patch

A

transport of pathogens by M cells (GALT)

77
Q

adaptive immune response timeframe

A

over four days

78
Q

every adaptive response depends on an

A

innate immune resposne

79
Q

purpose of innate immune response

A

immediate defense, prevents spread

80
Q

steps of innate immune response

A
  1. recognition of pathogen
  2. signaling
  3. recruitment of destructive effector mechanisms
81
Q

overall effect of innate immune response

A

produce inflammation

82
Q

complement helps

A

innate immune system recognize and destroy pathogens

83
Q

inflammation includes

A

local dilation of blood vessels (redness/heat)
leakage of blood plasma into connective tissue (swelling)
pressure on nerve endings (pain)

84
Q

benefit of inflammation

A

bring large numbers of cells and molecules rapidly to infected tissue

85
Q

adaptive immune response

A

organized around ongoing infection
adapters to infecting pathogen
long lasting and highly specific

86
Q

receptors of the adaptive immune system are

A

general type but highly specific

87
Q

lymphocytes with receptors recognizing pathogens are selected to

A

survive, proliferate and differentiate

88
Q

clonal selection and clonal expansion

A

selects for large numbers of effector lymphocytes specific for pathogen

89
Q

adaptive immune response takes place in

A

secondary lymphoid tissues

90
Q

dendritic cells are the

A

link between innate and adaptive response

91
Q

dendritic cells are essential for

A

primary immune response

92
Q

priming step in adaptive immune response

A

activate antigen specific T cells to divide and differentiate into effector T cells

93
Q

MHC (major histocompatibility complex) molecules

A

complex of MHC with pathogen peptide is what T cell receptor recognizes
antigen presenting cell

94
Q

two types of MHC molecules

A

MHC class I
MHC class II

95
Q

MHC class I

A

intracellular pathogen
recognized by cytotoxic T cell (CD8)

96
Q

MHC class II

A

extracellular pathogen
recognized by helper T cell (CD4)

97
Q

Cytotoxic T cell response

A

kills cells infected with pathogen
intracellular

98
Q

Helper T cell response

A

secrete cytokines to assist other types of cells
extracellular fluid and spaces

99
Q

B cell regions

A

variable region - binds pathogen/toxin
constant region - binds effector cell/complement molecule

100
Q

humoral immunity

A

immunity due to antibodies and their actions
antibodies circulate in blood stream

101
Q

cell mediated immunity

A

direct cell to cell contact

102
Q

post infection

A

stop immune response
reduce inflammation
repair damaged tissues

103
Q

what lives after infection?

A

long lived clones of memory T and B cells persist

104
Q

immunological memory

A

persistence of some cells from the AIR that provide long term protection

105
Q

subsequent infections have

A

much stronger, faster response with less illness

106
Q

purpose of vaccination

A

induce immunological memory to a pathogen so that future infection elicits strong, quick response

107
Q

vaccine must induce

A

both innate and adaptive response

108
Q

a new _______ response has to be made each time a pathogen _________

A

primary

changes

109
Q

negative selection

A

removing or suppressing immune cells that can attack self

110
Q

central tolerance

A

occurs in primary lymphoid organ

111
Q

peripheral tolerance

A

occurs outside a primary lymphoid organ

112
Q

regulatory T cells (CD4)

A

suppress T cell reactivity against normal tissues

113
Q

misdirected adaptive immune responses

A

autoimmune disorders
allergy (hypersensitivity)

114
Q

transplanted tissue

A

tissue incompatibilities caused by MHC polymorphisms in donor and recipient
recipient is immunosuppressed so that donor tissue can be accepted

Immunology and Microbiology (22 decks)

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