Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Immunology and Microbiology > Immunology Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Immunology Chapter 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

flora

A

community of microbes inhabiting a niche in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

why do microbes infect humans?

A

to survive and replicate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

commensal

A

aid in digestion
provide vitamins
prevent antibiotic resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

pathogenic

A

opportunistic or not
4 kinds (bacteria, fungi, viruses and internal parasites)
constant interactions with hosts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

endemic diseases

A

gradually changing, often not deadly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

high mortality is only caused by

A

a new pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

antibiotic resistance

A

antibiotics kill commensal bacteria and allow pathogenic bacteria to gain a foothold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

first line of defense

A

epithelial tissues
external: skin
internal: epithelia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

epithelia

A

continuous with skin
very vulnerable tissues, covered by mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

purpose of skin and mucosa

A

mechanical, chemical and microbiological barriers
protect internal tissues and organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

epithelial defenses

A

sebum in sebaceous glands
lysozyme acid in stomach
microbial flora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

2 advantages of microorganisms

A

rapid reproduction
change characteristics much quicker and hosts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

immune system

A

host cells dedicated to defense against microorganisms
distinguish between self and nonself
can mount an adaptive response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

hematopoiesis

A

process of making hematopoietic cells (WBC and others)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

progenitor cell of hematopoietic cells

A

pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell

A

capable of self renewal or maturation
located in yolk sac, fetal liver, spleen and bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

hematopoiesis occurs all

A

through life because blood cells are short lived

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

3 hematopoietic lineages

A

lymphoid
myeloid
erythroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

erythroid cells

A

helps with clotting
erythrocytes and megakaryocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

erythrocytes

A

RBC
carry oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

megakaryocytes

A

platelets
cells with giant nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Myeloid

A

“of the bone marrow”
granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and mast cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

granulocytes

A

prominent granules, kill microorganisms in inflamed tissues
2-5 lobes in nuclei (polymorphonuclear leukocytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

granulocytes from highest to lowest abundance

A

neutrophil > eosinophil > basophil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

neutrophil

A

does not bind to basic or acid stain
pus
phagocytic
short lived

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

eosinophil

A

worm defense
bind acidic stain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

basophil

A

parasite defense
very rare
bind basic stain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

neutrophils are stored
and are released

A

in the bone marrow
on demand to fight infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

can neutrophils kill multiple bacteria sequentially?

A

NO!
can only kill 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

monocytes

A

circulate in the blood
single lobed nucleus
progenitors of macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

macrophages

A

resident in tissues
large, irregular shape
scavenge dead cells and debris, microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

macrophages signal to

A

other cells via cytokines to respond to infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

dendritic cells

A

resident in tissues
star shaped
phagocytose and degrade pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

dendritic cells migrate from

A

tissues to lymphoid organs to begin adaptive response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

mast cells

A

resident in connective and mucosal tissue
major role in inflammation
granules similar to basophil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Lymphoid

A

NK cells, ILC, B and T lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

NK cells

A

innate immunity
circulate in blood
prevent viral replication in infected cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

ILC (Inate Lymphoid Cells)

A

inane immunity
resides in tissues
secretes cytokines to help activate macrophage and granulocyte responses to infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

B and T lymphocytes

A

adaptive immune response
circulate as immature, inactive cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

powerful adaptive response of B and T cells occurs in

A

1-2 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

B and T cells recognize pathogens which drives

A

lymphocyte selection, growth and differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

B cells

A

produce antibodies (soluble form of B cell receptor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

cytotoxic T cells

A

CD8
kill cells infected with virus or bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

helper T cells

A

CD4
secrete cytokines to help activate other cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

B cell receptor

A

surface Ig
secreted form in antibody
binds pathogen amino acids, sugars, etc

47
Q

T cell receptor

A

only surface bound
binds pathogen peptides

48
Q

each cell has a receptor that

A

binds a unique target

49
Q

abundance of leukocytes in human blood (from high to low)

A

neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
eosinophils
basophils

50
Q

primary lymphoid tissues

A

bone marrow and thymus

51
Q

bone marrow

A

B and T cells originate here
develop and enter blood circulation

52
Q

thymus

A

T cells develop and mature here

53
Q

Secondary lymphoid tissues

A

all others except BM and thymus

54
Q

battleground of lymphoid

A

secondary tissue
pathogens trapped here and activate lymphocytes

55
Q

Lymphatic Vessels

A

Originate in capillary beds
Collect plasma leaking from blood vessels and extracellular fluid

56
Q

Lymph Circulation

A

Blood Vessels –> Lymphatics –> Thoracic duct –> Left subclavian vein –> back to blood

57
Q

How is lymph circulation driven? What happens in absence?

A

Driven by movement of body parts
Edema can occur in absence

58
Q

Lymph Nodes

A

Secondary lymphoid tissues at intersections of LV

59
Q

Unique property of B and T cells

A

Can move through blood and lymph

60
Q

Movement of B and T cells

A

Primary lymph tissues –> blood –> secondary lymph tissues –> lymph –> return to blood

61
Q

Activated Lymph Cell

A

Remains in lymph node for a while

62
Q

Unactivated Lymph Cell

A

Leaves in efferent lymph –> blood

63
Q

Lymphocyte Recirculation

A

allows for continual survey of secondary lymphoid organs for infection

64
Q

What is the exception for lymphocyte recirculation?

A

Spleen

65
Q

What happens at lymph node step 1

A

Pathogens + infected dendritic cells carried to nearest lymph node by afferent lymphatics

66
Q

What happens at lymph node step 2

A

Battlefield: lymphocytes encounter pathogens and pathogen products

67
Q

What happens at lymph node step 3

A

Swollen glands: proliferation of activated lymphocytes at draining lymph node

68
Q

What happens at lymph node step 4

A

T cells activated by dendritic cells –> Help B cells become plasma cells

69
Q

Where do B-cells “hangout”?

A

Follicles

70
Q

Draining lymph nodes are meeting place for?

A

Pathogens
Dendritic cells carrying pathogen fragments
B and T cells

71
Q

The spleen removes…

A

damaged or senescent RBCs

72
Q

What does the spleen provide?

A

Adaptive immunity against pathogens IN BLOOD

73
Q

Asplenia

A

No spleen
Patients susceptible to infection by encapsulated bacteria

74
Q

GALT

A

Gut associated
Tonsils

75
Q

not every MALT is a

A

GALT

76
Q

Peyer’s patch

A

transport of pathogens by M cells (GALT)

77
Q

adaptive immune response timeframe

A

over four days

78
Q

every adaptive response depends on an

A

innate immune resposne

79
Q

purpose of innate immune response

A

immediate defense, prevents spread

80
Q

steps of innate immune response

A
  1. recognition of pathogen
  2. signaling
  3. recruitment of destructive effector mechanisms
81
Q

overall effect of innate immune response

A

produce inflammation

82
Q

complement helps

A

innate immune system recognize and destroy pathogens

83
Q

inflammation includes

A

local dilation of blood vessels (redness/heat)
leakage of blood plasma into connective tissue (swelling)
pressure on nerve endings (pain)

84
Q

benefit of inflammation

A

bring large numbers of cells and molecules rapidly to infected tissue

85
Q

adaptive immune response

A

organized around ongoing infection
adapters to infecting pathogen
long lasting and highly specific

86
Q

receptors of the adaptive immune system are

A

general type but highly specific

87
Q

lymphocytes with receptors recognizing pathogens are selected to

A

survive, proliferate and differentiate

88
Q

clonal selection and clonal expansion

A

selects for large numbers of effector lymphocytes specific for pathogen

89
Q

adaptive immune response takes place in

A

secondary lymphoid tissues

90
Q

dendritic cells are the

A

link between innate and adaptive response

91
Q

dendritic cells are essential for

A

primary immune response

92
Q

priming step in adaptive immune response

A

activate antigen specific T cells to divide and differentiate into effector T cells

93
Q

MHC (major histocompatibility complex) molecules

A

complex of MHC with pathogen peptide is what T cell receptor recognizes
antigen presenting cell

94
Q

two types of MHC molecules

A

MHC class I
MHC class II

95
Q

MHC class I

A

intracellular pathogen
recognized by cytotoxic T cell (CD8)

96
Q

MHC class II

A

extracellular pathogen
recognized by helper T cell (CD4)

97
Q

Cytotoxic T cell response

A

kills cells infected with pathogen
intracellular

98
Q

Helper T cell response

A

secrete cytokines to assist other types of cells
extracellular fluid and spaces

99
Q

B cell regions

A

variable region - binds pathogen/toxin
constant region - binds effector cell/complement molecule

100
Q

humoral immunity

A

immunity due to antibodies and their actions
antibodies circulate in blood stream

101
Q

cell mediated immunity

A

direct cell to cell contact

102
Q

post infection

A

stop immune response
reduce inflammation
repair damaged tissues

103
Q

what lives after infection?

A

long lived clones of memory T and B cells persist

104
Q

immunological memory

A

persistence of some cells from the AIR that provide long term protection

105
Q

subsequent infections have

A

much stronger, faster response with less illness

106
Q

purpose of vaccination

A

induce immunological memory to a pathogen so that future infection elicits strong, quick response

107
Q

vaccine must induce

A

both innate and adaptive response

108
Q

a new _______ response has to be made each time a pathogen _________

A

primary

changes

109
Q

negative selection

A

removing or suppressing immune cells that can attack self

110
Q

central tolerance

A

occurs in primary lymphoid organ

111
Q

peripheral tolerance

A

occurs outside a primary lymphoid organ

112
Q

regulatory T cells (CD4)

A

suppress T cell reactivity against normal tissues

113
Q

misdirected adaptive immune responses

A

autoimmune disorders
allergy (hypersensitivity)

114
Q

transplanted tissue

A

tissue incompatibilities caused by MHC polymorphisms in donor and recipient
recipient is immunosuppressed so that donor tissue can be accepted

Immunology and Microbiology (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions