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Immunology and Microbiology > Introduction slides > Flashcards

Introduction slides Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

coccus

A

circular

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2
Q

diplococcus

A

2 circles

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3
Q

streptococcus

A

chain

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4
Q

tetrads

A

4x circle

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5
Q

staphylococcus

A

grape-like shape

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6
Q

sarcinae

A

octet of circles

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7
Q

bacillus

A

rod

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8
Q

diplobacillius

A

2x rods

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9
Q

streptobacillus

A

chain of rods

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10
Q

coccobacillus

A

oval

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11
Q

vibrio

A

comma shape

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12
Q

gram positive wall characteristics

A

thick peptidoglycan walls

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13
Q

discovered the first vaccine (smallpox)

A

Edward jenner

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14
Q

developed hand washing

A

Ignaz Semmelweis

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15
Q

discovered the rabies and anthrax vaccine and pasteurization

A

Louis Pasteur

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16
Q

developed antiseptic technique

A

Joseph Lister

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17
Q

cure syphillis, gram staining, father of chemotherapy

A

Paul Ehrlich

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18
Q

discovered streptomycin and other antibiotics

A

Selman Waksman

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19
Q

discovered penicillin

A

Alexander Fleming

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20
Q

discovered the cause of TB, anthrax and cholera

A

Robert Koch

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21
Q

Robert Hooke

A

discovered cells

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22
Q

discovered RNA controlled production of protein

A

Hargobind Khorana, Marshall Nirenberg, Severo Ochao

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23
Q

a gram negative rod

A

enterobacteria

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24
Q

Vibrio, Helicobacter and Campylobacter

A

gram negative curved rods

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25
Q

gram negative cocci example

A

Neisseria

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26
Q

Gram positive rods example

A

Bacillus and Clostridium

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27
Q

Staphylococcus and Streptococcus

A

gram positive cocci

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28
Q

acid fast rods

A

mycobacterium and Nocardia

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29
Q

spirochetes

A

Treponema and Borellia

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30
Q

rickettsia and chlamydia

A

obligate intracellular parasites

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31
Q

bacteria that is cell wall deficient and tiny

A

mycoplasma

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32
Q

stain based on morphology and arrangement

A

simple staining

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33
Q

stain used for identification and/or visualization of structure

A

differential staining

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34
Q

type of bacteria that can change their shape

A

pleomorphic

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35
Q

an example of pleomorphic bacteria

A

Mycoplasma pneumonia or M. genitalium

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36
Q

stains negatively charged molecules and structures

A

positive stain (basic stain)

37
Q

stains positively charged molecules and structures

A

negative stain (acidic stain); sometimes positive depending on the nature of the cell

38
Q

stains background, not specimen

A

negative stain

39
Q

steps of gram stain

A
  1. crystal violet
  2. gram’s iodine
  3. ethanol
  4. Safranin
40
Q

gram positive color

A

purple

41
Q

gram negative color

A

pink

42
Q

steps of acid fast stain

A
  1. carbolfuchin
  2. heat
  3. acid alcohol
  4. methylene blue
43
Q

acid fast color

A

red

44
Q

not acid fast color

A

blue

45
Q

mordant in gram stain and acid fast stain

A

gram: grams iodine
acid fast: heat

46
Q

stain target with malachite green, then wash and counterstain with safranin

A

endospore stain

47
Q

endospore stain result

A

endospores - bluish green
other - pink/red

48
Q

target covered with tannic acid/potassium alum mordant then stained using pararosaline/ basic fuchsin

A

flagella stain

49
Q

flagella stain result

A

flagella are visible

50
Q

negative staining with Indian ink or nigrosin to stain the background
counterstaining can be done to stain the cell and leaving the target clear

A

capsule stain

51
Q

result of capsule stain

A

capsules appear clear or as halos

52
Q

Schaffer Fulton procedure is related to

A

the endospore stain

53
Q

gram negative bacteria have a ___ peptidoglycan layer and a ___ layer

A

thin; lipopolysaccharide

54
Q

gram positive bacteria have a ___ peptidoglycan layer and no ___ layer

A

thick; lipopolysaccharide

55
Q

is gram positive/negative more susceptible to penicillin?

A

gram positive

56
Q

is gram positive/negative sensitive to lysozyme?

A

gram positive

57
Q

gram positive bacteria have no ___, ___ and ___ while gram negative bacteria have this.

A

outer membrane, porin proteins and periplasm

58
Q

gram positive bacteria have ___ while gram negative do not

A

teichoic acids

59
Q

Lung, Ziehl Nelson procedure is related to

A

acid fast stain

60
Q

oxidase reagent applied filter paper –> color change which indicates positive result

A

oxidase test

61
Q

which test measures if cytochrome C is present?

A

oxidase test

62
Q

test to determine formation of pyruvic acid from enzyme tryptophanse

A

Indole test

63
Q

enzymes secreted by bacterial cells and function outside the cell to breakdown macromolecules

A

extracellular enzymes

64
Q

determines if an enzyme is produces to coagulate plasma (fibrinogen -> fibrin)

A

coagulase test

65
Q

test where enzyme that can hydrolyze DNA is cultivated on an agar plate containing DNA

A

DNAse test

66
Q

Enterotube

A

tests for enterobacteriaceae by 12 different tests

67
Q

ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay)

A

rapid approach; involves antibodies rotated on micrometer plates, antigens, second antibody with a linked enzyme and a substrate

68
Q

rapidly identifies pathogens using antiserum

A

slide agglutination

69
Q

Slide agglutination results

A

positive - clumping
negative - no clumping

70
Q

serological test; proteins separated by electrophoresis and blotted onto a membrane; antibodies with enzymes linked probe the membrane

A

Western blotting

71
Q

western blotting results

A

antibodies bind and light up - positive
no binding - negative

72
Q

bacteriophage lyses specific strains of bacteria; drops of phage with solutions placed in spots on agar

A

phage typing

73
Q

phage typing results

A

clear zones (plaques) due to lysis - positive
no plaques - negative

74
Q

microbe with central endospore

A

bacillus megatarium

75
Q

microbe with terminal endospore

A

clostridium tetani

76
Q

microbe with subterminal endospore

A

clostridium subterminale

77
Q

what are in almost all gram negative bacteria but not many gram positive bacteria?

A

pili

78
Q

short attachment pili (fimbriae)

A

numerous; used for adhesion, colonization and resist flushing

79
Q

long conjugation pili

A

“F” sex pili, facilitates gene transfer

80
Q

monotrichous flagella

A

one flagella at one end

81
Q

amphitrichous flagella

A

one flagella at both ends

82
Q

lophotrikhous flagella

A

multiple flagella at one end

83
Q

peritrichous flagella

A

flagella all around the bacteria

84
Q

organelle of locomotion; rotate clockwise and counterclockwise

A

flagella

85
Q

characteristics of Endospore

A

low H2O content, chemical resistance, dipicolinic acid (DPA), SASSP, strong spore coat

86
Q

purpose of small acid-soluble spore proteins (SASSP)

A

protect the DNA of the bacteria from UV radiation, desiccation, and dry heat

87
Q

Actinomycetes, Corynebacterium, Mycobacterium, Propionibacterium, Gradnerella, Nocardia

A

High G and C % Gram positive Bacteria

88
Q

Clostridia, Sarcina, Bacillus, Listeria, Staphylococuus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus

A

Low G and C % Gram Positive Bacteria

89
Q

PCR (polymerase chain reaction)

A

specific sequences of DNA amplified with primers, Taq polymerase

Immunology and Microbiology (8 decks)

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