Introduction slides Flashcards
1
Q
coccus
A
circular
2
Q
diplococcus
A
2 circles
3
Q
streptococcus
A
chain
4
Q
tetrads
A
4x circle
5
Q
staphylococcus
A
grape-like shape
6
Q
sarcinae
A
octet of circles
7
Q
bacillus
A
rod
8
Q
diplobacillius
A
2x rods
9
Q
streptobacillus
A
chain of rods
10
Q
coccobacillus
A
oval
11
Q
vibrio
A
comma shape
12
Q
gram positive wall characteristics
A
thick peptidoglycan walls
13
Q
discovered the first vaccine (smallpox)
A
Edward jenner
14
Q
developed hand washing
A
Ignaz Semmelweis
15
Q
discovered the rabies and anthrax vaccine and pasteurization
A
Louis Pasteur
16
Q
developed antiseptic technique
A
Joseph Lister
17
Q
cure syphillis, gram staining, father of chemotherapy
A
Paul Ehrlich
18
Q
discovered streptomycin and other antibiotics
A
Selman Waksman
19
Q
discovered penicillin
A
Alexander Fleming
20
Q
discovered the cause of TB, anthrax and cholera
A
Robert Koch
21
Q
Robert Hooke
A
discovered cells
22
Q
discovered RNA controlled production of protein
A
Hargobind Khorana, Marshall Nirenberg, Severo Ochao
23
Q
a gram negative rod
A
enterobacteria
24
Q
Vibrio, Helicobacter and Campylobacter
A
gram negative curved rods
25
gram negative cocci example
Neisseria
26
Gram positive rods example
Bacillus and Clostridium
27
Staphylococcus and Streptococcus
gram positive cocci
28
acid fast rods
mycobacterium and Nocardia
29
spirochetes
Treponema and Borellia
30
rickettsia and chlamydia
obligate intracellular parasites
31
bacteria that is cell wall deficient and tiny
mycoplasma
32
stain based on morphology and arrangement
simple staining
33
stain used for identification and/or visualization of structure
differential staining
34
type of bacteria that can change their shape
pleomorphic
35
an example of pleomorphic bacteria
Mycoplasma pneumonia or M. genitalium
36
stains negatively charged molecules and structures
positive stain (basic stain)
37
stains positively charged molecules and structures
negative stain (acidic stain); sometimes positive depending on the nature of the cell
38
stains background, not specimen
negative stain
39
steps of gram stain
1. crystal violet
2. gram's iodine
3. ethanol
4. Safranin
40
gram positive color
purple
41
gram negative color
pink
42
steps of acid fast stain
1. carbolfuchin
2. heat
3. acid alcohol
4. methylene blue
43
acid fast color
red
44
not acid fast color
blue
45
mordant in gram stain and acid fast stain
gram: grams iodine
acid fast: heat
46
stain target with malachite green, then wash and counterstain with safranin
endospore stain
47
endospore stain result
endospores - bluish green
other - pink/red
48
target covered with tannic acid/potassium alum mordant then stained using pararosaline/ basic fuchsin
flagella stain
49
flagella stain result
flagella are visible
50
negative staining with Indian ink or nigrosin to stain the background
counterstaining can be done to stain the cell and leaving the target clear
capsule stain
51
result of capsule stain
capsules appear clear or as halos
52
Schaffer Fulton procedure is related to
the endospore stain
53
gram negative bacteria have a ___ peptidoglycan layer and a ___ layer
thin; lipopolysaccharide
54
gram positive bacteria have a ___ peptidoglycan layer and no ___ layer
thick; lipopolysaccharide
55
is gram positive/negative more susceptible to penicillin?
gram positive
56
is gram positive/negative sensitive to lysozyme?
gram positive
57
gram positive bacteria have no ___, ___ and ___ while gram negative bacteria have this.
outer membrane, porin proteins and periplasm
58
gram positive bacteria have ___ while gram negative do not
teichoic acids
59
Lung, Ziehl Nelson procedure is related to
acid fast stain
60
oxidase reagent applied filter paper --> color change which indicates positive result
oxidase test
61
which test measures if cytochrome C is present?
oxidase test
62
test to determine formation of pyruvic acid from enzyme tryptophanse
Indole test
63
enzymes secreted by bacterial cells and function outside the cell to breakdown macromolecules
extracellular enzymes
64
determines if an enzyme is produces to coagulate plasma (fibrinogen -> fibrin)
coagulase test
65
test where enzyme that can hydrolyze DNA is cultivated on an agar plate containing DNA
DNAse test
66
Enterotube
tests for enterobacteriaceae by 12 different tests
67
ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay)
rapid approach; involves antibodies rotated on micrometer plates, antigens, second antibody with a linked enzyme and a substrate
68
rapidly identifies pathogens using antiserum
slide agglutination
69
Slide agglutination results
positive - clumping
negative - no clumping
70
serological test; proteins separated by electrophoresis and blotted onto a membrane; antibodies with enzymes linked probe the membrane
Western blotting
71
western blotting results
antibodies bind and light up - positive
no binding - negative
72
bacteriophage lyses specific strains of bacteria; drops of phage with solutions placed in spots on agar
phage typing
73
phage typing results
clear zones (plaques) due to lysis - positive
no plaques - negative
74
microbe with central endospore
bacillus megatarium
75
microbe with terminal endospore
clostridium tetani
76
microbe with subterminal endospore
clostridium subterminale
77
what are in almost all gram negative bacteria but not many gram positive bacteria?
pili
78
short attachment pili (fimbriae)
numerous; used for adhesion, colonization and resist flushing
79
long conjugation pili
"F" sex pili, facilitates gene transfer
80
monotrichous flagella
one flagella at one end
81
amphitrichous flagella
one flagella at both ends
82
lophotrikhous flagella
multiple flagella at one end
83
peritrichous flagella
flagella all around the bacteria
84
organelle of locomotion; rotate clockwise and counterclockwise
flagella
85
characteristics of Endospore
low H2O content, chemical resistance, dipicolinic acid (DPA), SASSP, strong spore coat
86
purpose of small acid-soluble spore proteins (SASSP)
protect the DNA of the bacteria from UV radiation, desiccation, and dry heat
87
Actinomycetes, Corynebacterium, Mycobacterium, Propionibacterium, Gradnerella, Nocardia
High G and C % Gram positive Bacteria
88
Clostridia, Sarcina, Bacillus, Listeria, Staphylococuus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus
Low G and C % Gram Positive Bacteria
89
PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
specific sequences of DNA amplified with primers, Taq polymerase
