Vibrio essay Flashcards
Introduction
•Using named examples of vibrio species explain how climate change might affect human and coral disease incidence
Rephrase the question and give my interpretation
Alsina M, 1994:
Motile, Gram‐negative, straight or curved rod shaped bacteria
Na+ stimulates growth in all species
give a positive oxidase test
grow on TCBS medium facultative anaerobes
Oliver JD 2013:
The distribution of vibrio species dependent on environmental factors such as temperature, salt concentration, pH, and nutrients
As well as, plankton providing an organically rich microenvironment, which affects their distribution
Vezzulli L, 2016:
Climate change - the accumulation of greenhouse gases within our atmosphere , has caused the oceans surface temperature to rise nearly 0.85 C
Vezzulli L 2016, showed This in turn has affected the distribution of plankton, therefore infcreased vibrio abundance in the north atlantic and North Sea
Resulting in increased vibrio infections in the human population
This is important to understand and counteract because:
Influencing cholera rates, caused by the pathogen vibrio cholera
Which kills 100,000-120,000 people every year
Cervino (2004)
Vibrio coralliilyticus the aetiological agent of tissue lysis of the coral abundance is influenced as well
(Graham, 2013)This important to understand and counteract because
reduction of biodiversity followed by extinctions
Reefs will cease to be large-scale nursery grounds for fish and will cease to have most of their current value to humanity.
knock-on effects to ecosystems associated
Say how will answer the question not in first person
Introduction on cholera?
(Kaper JB, 1995):
Infection due to V. cholerae begins with the ingestion of contaminated food or water containing the organ- ism.
After passage through the acid barrier of the stomach, the vibrio colonizes the epithelium of the small intestine Cholera enterotoxin produced disrupts ion transport by intestinal epithelial cells.
The subsequent loss of water and electrolytes leads to the severe diarrhea character- istic of cholera.
Main paragraph 1 on Vibrio cholerae
Study by Long 2005:
Showed interspecies antagonistic interactions influence particle colonization by V. cholerae.
Autochthonous bacteria appear to become less inhibitory against this pathogen at elevated temperatures
changes in global climate can reduce competitiveness from other autoch- thonous microbes, contributing to increasing abundance and geographic spread of V. cholerae.
Main paragraph 2 on vibrio cholerae?
To protect against the damages of global warming, methods which don’t focus on global warming
De Rochars 2011:
In 2010 there was a cholera outbreak in Haiti which spread to Port-au Prince which was exacerbated by an earthquake 3 months later
Found that cholera messaging was successful in promoting behavioural changes to address the threat of cholera
As well as a concerted effort should be made to improve the safety of water sources through infrastructure upgrades and improved treatment practices
These changes resulted in water treatment increasing from 30.3% to 73.9%
Conclusion on vibrio cholerae
Overall finding
Give positives and negatives on study
who it affects
Introduction on V.coralliilyticus?
V. coralliilyticus is of interest because of its global distribution, broad host range and temperature-dependent pathogenicity in corals
Main paragraph 1 on V.coralliilyticus?
(Kimes NE, 2012)
Toxins, including hemolysins, have a significant role in Vibrio pathogenicity
activity has been shown to be directly affected by temperature
Vc450 exhibits a temperature-dependent increase in resistance to the antimicrobial activity of coral-associated bacteria
Hence the alteration of sea temperature is altering the virulence factors of V.coralliilyticus, and hence destruction of the coral
Main paragraph 2 on V.coralliilyticus?
(Cohen Y, 2013)
portant coral pathogen demonstrated to cause disease outbreaks worldwide. This study investigated the feasibility of applying bacteriophage therapy to treat the coral pathogen V. coralliilyticus
was isolated from the seawater above corals central Great Barrier Reef
lytic phage
rapid replication rate, high burst size, and high affinity to its host.
was able to prevent V. coralliilyticus-induced photoinactivation and tissue lysis.
These results demonstrate that bacteriophage YC has the potential to treat coral disease outbreaks caused by the bacterial pathogen V. coralliilyticus,
Conclusion for V.coralliilyticus?
Concluding sentence
Who it affects
Positive and negative
Overall conclusion?
state essay question and give answer
Say how ideas can be developed more in clinical trial
Describe weaknesses, but strengths as well
Practical application
Further study
Strong concluding sentence
Overall conclusion?
state essay question and give answer
Say how ideas can be developed more in clinical trial
Describe weaknesses, but strengths as well
Practical application
Further study
Strong concluding sentence
