Microbiology Exam notes

Question 1

Bacteria resistant to chloramphenicol typically inactivate this antibiotic by which method?

Answer 1

acetylation

Question 2

DNA generated from mRNA by reverse transcription is called?

Answer 2

complementary DNA

Question 3

Which of the following would you employ when staining endospores?

Answer 3

Malachite green

Question 4

Escherichia coli is a?

Answer 4

Mesophile, lives in moderate temperatures

Question 5

Which of the following organisms use organic compounds as both the carbon and energy source?

Answer 5

chemoautotroph

Question 6

Natural bioluminesence of fungi is?

Answer 6

used by nematophagous fungi to attract their prey

Question 7

Fungi that can form an intimate parasitic association with their hosts cells without killing them are known as?

Answer 7

biotrophs

Question 8

Linnean classification is based on?

Answer 8

morphological similarities.

Question 9

Which of the following terms has been used to denote fungi that lack a sexual stage?

Answer 9

Mitosporic fungi

Question 10

What does unikonts include?

Answer 10

Opisthokonts (animals and fungi) and amoebozoa

Question 11

Archezoa are

Answer 11

Protists without mitochondria

Question 12

Adaptive radiation?

Answer 12

Describes organisms going into different niches

Question 13

Convergent evolution?

Answer 13

Different organisms obtaining similar traits as in the same ecosystem

Question 14

Parallel evolution?

Answer 14

Organisms obtaining same traits in same ecosystem at the same time

Question 15

Primal Amoebic Meningoencephalitis is caused by?

Answer 15

Naegleria fowleri

Question 16

What are hydrogensomes?

Answer 16

Anaerobic forms of the mitochondria

Question 17

The monomeric subunits found in the fungal cell wall component chitin are?

Answer 17

N-acetylglucosamine

Question 18

The fungal component of a lichen is often referred to as the

Answer 18

mycobiontpartner

Question 19

The common edible field mushroom Agaricus campestris is a member of the?

Answer 19

Basidiomycota

Question 20

Phialides are important spore bearing structures in fungi, they give rise to?

Answer 20

conidiospores

Question 21

component of an archaeal phospholipid?

Answer 21

Phytanyl

Question 22

DNA released from a cell can be taken up by another competent cell that lacks this DNA. This process is termed

Answer 22

Transformation

Question 23

What are Chytrids?

Answer 23

Are simple aquatic fungi
Have chitin in their cell walls
Produce zoospores with one flagellum

Question 24

Fungi are classified into phyla primarily on differences in?

Answer 24

Their reproductive structures

Question 25

5 phyla of fungi?

Answer 25

Chytridiomycota (Chytrids) Zygomycota (conjugated fungi), Ascomycota (sac fungi) Basidiomycota (club fungi) Glomeromycota.

Question 26

Largest phylum of fungi?

Answer 26

Ascomycota

Question 27

Who didn't win a Nobel prize on fungi?

Answer 27

Hawking

Question 28

What is penicillin?

Answer 28

A beta lactam

Question 29

What is the koji process the same as?

Answer 29

Solid State fermentation

Question 30

The current six eukaryotic supergroups are?

Answer 30

Excavata, Chromalveolata, Rhizaria, Archaeplastida, Amoebozoa, and Opisthokonta. NOT ALL ARE PROTISTS Chromalveolate and rhizaria grouped together as Sar

Question 31

The bikont-unikont division?

Answer 31

Some research suggests that a unikont (a eukaryotic cell with a single flagellum) was the ancestor of opisthokonts (Animals, Fungi, and related forms) and Amoebozoa, and a bikont was the ancestor of Archaeplastida (Plants and relatives), Excavata, Rhizaria, and Chromalveolata. Used to root the eukaryotes

Question 32

What is the kinetoplast?

Answer 32

A large mitochondrial DNA complex found inside the mitochondria of a group of protists called the kinetoplastids

Question 33

The Archezoa theory was discredited because

Answer 33

not compatible with serial endosymbiosis theory

Question 34

Water moulds belong to

Answer 34

Oomycota

Question 35

Fungal hyphae with two genetically distinct nuclei in one cell are said to be

Answer 35

Dikaryotic

Question 36

The person who described the "wee animalcules" was

Answer 36

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

Question 37

BCG is an example of a

Answer 37

Live attenuated recombinant vaccine

Question 38

The periplasm is

Answer 38

region between the cytoplasmic membrane and the outer membrane of Gram-negative Bacteria.

Question 39

Which of the following antibiotics targets DNA gyrase?

Answer 39

ciprofloxacin

Question 40

Different types of flagella?

Answer 40

``` monotrichous - single amphitrichous - on both lophotrichous - tufts at one side Amphitrichous - tufts at both sides peritrichous - flagella everywhere ```

Question 41

Storage compounds of fungi?

Answer 41

Glycogen and trehalose

Question 42

Are fungi a monophyletic clade?

Answer 42

YES

Question 43

Main feature of Opisthokonts?

Answer 43

Have a posterior flagellum

Question 44

Extra feature on microsporidia?

Answer 44

lack mitochondria, peroxisomes and centrioles Don't infect plants and insects Don't have multicellular spores DO POSSES CHITIN IN THEIR WALLS AND HAVE INTACT NUCLEAR MEMBRANES

Question 45

What are lichens?

Answer 45

Partnership between fungi and algae Can reproduce sexually and asexually

Question 46

Which group of protists is able to recolonise bleached corals?

Answer 46

dinoflagellates

Question 47

The supercoiling of DNA involves?

Answer 47

Topoisomerase

Question 48

According to Koch’s postulates, after you observe the microbe in the diseased organisms for the first time, what must you do next?

Answer 48

Inoculate a healthy individual

Question 49

An oil-immersion lens is used in microscopy so that

Answer 49

light rays are collected to increase clarity.

Question 50

A bacterial biofilm is enclosed in an adhesive matrix that is principally composed of

Answer 50

polysaccharides.

Question 51

According to the Baltimore system of virus classification, what class of ssRNA(+) viruses use their own genomes as mRNA?

Answer 51

IV

Question 52

Viral replication occurs in

Answer 52

the intracellular state only.

Question 53

In the Baltimore system for classifying viruses, group I viruses have genomes composed of

Answer 53

dsDNA.

Question 54

The aminoglycoside phosphotransferase (aph) gene encodes a protein that confers resistance to which of the following antibiotics?

Answer 54

Kanamycin

Question 55

.Which group of protists are unicellular organisms with algal secondary symbionts that produce calcium carbonate coccoliths?

Answer 55

Haptophytes = (coccolithores)

Question 56

Extra fact on Ascoymycete?

Answer 56

Carry their sexual spores in a sac-like structure.

Question 57

Beadle and Tatum won the Nobel Prize for?

Answer 57

describing the one gene one enyzme hypothesis

Question 58

Which microbes cause the most economic damage to crops?

Answer 58

Fungi and Oomycetes

Question 59

The Oomycetes are responsible for?

Answer 59

potato late blight, which caused the Irish potato famine

Question 60

Jim Lake and colleagues (2004) described the tree of life as?

Answer 60

a ring or circle.

Question 61

The chloroplast or plastid was derived from the endosymbiotic integration of

Answer 61

cyanobacteria

Question 62

The endosymbiotic and bacterial ancestry of the mitochondria was identified by

Answer 62

discovery of bacterial genes in nuclear genomes.

Question 63

Carl Woese discovered Archaea, they are distinct from bacteria because they possess

Answer 63

chromosomes wrapped in histone-like proteins and make ether linked membrane phospholipids.

Question 64

Lynn Margulis suggested an additional endosymbiosis in the origin of the eukaryotic cell that turned out to be incorrect. Her hypothesis was that?

Answer 64

a spirochete bacterium became the flagellum.

Question 65

Syphilis and Lyme disease are both caused by

Answer 65

spirochaetes.

Question 66

Metronidazole based drugs work against anaerobes because?

Answer 66

Their redox chemistry generates sufficiently high enough potentials that they can activate this pro-drug