Microbiology Exam notes Flashcards
Bacteria resistant to chloramphenicol typically inactivate this antibiotic by which method?
acetylation
DNA generated from mRNA by reverse transcription is called?
complementary DNA
Which of the following would you employ when staining endospores?
Malachite green
Escherichia coli is a?
Mesophile, lives in moderate temperatures
Which of the following organisms use organic compounds as both the carbon and energy source?
chemoautotroph
Natural bioluminesence of fungi is?
used by nematophagous fungi to attract their prey
Fungi that can form an intimate parasitic association with their hosts cells without killing them are known as?
biotrophs
Linnean classification is based on?
morphological similarities.
Which of the following terms has been used to denote fungi that lack a sexual stage?
Mitosporic fungi
What does unikonts include?
Opisthokonts (animals and fungi) and amoebozoa
Archezoa are
Protists without mitochondria
Adaptive radiation?
Describes organisms going into different niches
Convergent evolution?
Different organisms obtaining similar traits as in the same ecosystem
Parallel evolution?
Organisms obtaining same traits in same ecosystem at the same time
Primal Amoebic Meningoencephalitis is caused by?
Naegleria fowleri
What are hydrogensomes?
Anaerobic forms of the mitochondria
The monomeric subunits found in the fungal cell wall component chitin are?
N-acetylglucosamine
The fungal component of a lichen is often referred to as the
mycobiontpartner
The common edible field mushroom Agaricus campestris is a member of the?
Basidiomycota
Phialides are important spore bearing structures in fungi, they give rise to?
conidiospores
component of an archaeal phospholipid?
Phytanyl
DNA released from a cell can be taken up by another competent cell that lacks this DNA. This process is termed
Transformation
What are Chytrids?
Are simple aquatic fungi
Have chitin in their cell walls
Produce zoospores with one flagellum
Fungi are classified into phyla primarily on differences in?
Their reproductive structures
5 phyla of fungi?
Chytridiomycota (Chytrids) Zygomycota (conjugated fungi), Ascomycota (sac fungi) Basidiomycota (club fungi) Glomeromycota.
Largest phylum of fungi?
Ascomycota
Who didn’t win a Nobel prize on fungi?
Hawking
What is penicillin?
A beta lactam
What is the koji process the same as?
Solid State fermentation
The current six eukaryotic supergroups are?
Excavata, Chromalveolata, Rhizaria, Archaeplastida, Amoebozoa, and Opisthokonta.
NOT ALL ARE PROTISTS
Chromalveolate and rhizaria grouped together as Sar
The bikont-unikont division?
Some research suggests that a unikont (a eukaryotic cell with a single flagellum) was the ancestor of opisthokonts (Animals, Fungi, and related forms) and Amoebozoa, and a bikont was the ancestor of Archaeplastida (Plants and relatives), Excavata, Rhizaria, and Chromalveolata.
Used to root the eukaryotes
What is the kinetoplast?
A large mitochondrial DNA complex found inside the mitochondria of a
group of protists called the kinetoplastids
The Archezoa theory was discredited because
not compatible with serial endosymbiosis theory
Water moulds belong to
Oomycota
Fungal hyphae with two genetically distinct nuclei in one cell are said to be
Dikaryotic
The person who described the “wee animalcules” was
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
BCG is an example of a
Live attenuated recombinant vaccine
The periplasm is
region between the cytoplasmic membrane and the outer membrane of
Gram-negative Bacteria.
Which of the following antibiotics targets DNA gyrase?
ciprofloxacin
Different types of flagella?
monotrichous - single amphitrichous - on both lophotrichous - tufts at one side Amphitrichous - tufts at both sides peritrichous - flagella everywhere
Storage compounds of fungi?
Glycogen and trehalose
Are fungi a monophyletic clade?
YES
Main feature of Opisthokonts?
Have a posterior flagellum
Extra feature on microsporidia?
lack mitochondria, peroxisomes and centrioles
Don’t infect plants and insects
Don’t have multicellular spores
DO POSSES CHITIN IN THEIR WALLS AND HAVE INTACT NUCLEAR MEMBRANES
What are lichens?
Partnership between fungi and algae
Can reproduce sexually and asexually
Which group of protists is able to recolonise bleached corals?
dinoflagellates
The supercoiling of DNA involves?
Topoisomerase
According to Koch’s postulates, after you observe the microbe in the diseased organisms for the first time, what must you do next?
Inoculate a healthy individual
An oil-immersion lens is used in microscopy so that
light rays are collected to increase clarity.
A bacterial biofilm is enclosed in an adhesive matrix that is principally composed of
polysaccharides.
According to the Baltimore system of virus classification, what class of ssRNA(+) viruses use their own genomes as mRNA?
IV
Viral replication occurs in
the intracellular state only.
In the Baltimore system for classifying viruses, group I viruses have genomes composed of
dsDNA.
The aminoglycoside phosphotransferase (aph) gene encodes a protein that confers resistance to which of the following antibiotics?
Kanamycin
.Which group of protists are unicellular organisms with algal secondary symbionts that produce calcium carbonate coccoliths?
Haptophytes = (coccolithores)
Extra fact on Ascoymycete?
Carry their sexual spores in a sac-like structure.
Beadle and Tatum won the Nobel Prize for?
describing the one gene one enyzme hypothesis
Which microbes cause the most economic damage to crops?
Fungi and Oomycetes
The Oomycetes are responsible for?
potato late blight, which caused the Irish potato famine
Jim Lake and colleagues (2004) described the tree of life as?
a ring or circle.
The chloroplast or plastid was derived from the endosymbiotic integration of
cyanobacteria
The endosymbiotic and bacterial ancestry of the mitochondria was identified by
discovery of bacterial genes in nuclear genomes.
Carl Woese discovered Archaea, they are distinct from bacteria because they possess
chromosomes wrapped in histone-like proteins and make ether linked
membrane phospholipids.
Lynn Margulis suggested an additional endosymbiosis in the origin of the eukaryotic cell that turned out to be incorrect. Her hypothesis was that?
a spirochete bacterium became the flagellum.
Syphilis and Lyme disease are both caused by
spirochaetes.
Metronidazole based drugs work against anaerobes because?
Their redox chemistry generates sufficiently high enough potentials that they can activate this pro-drug
