Antibiotic resistance and genes essay

Question 1

Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance and how genes encoding these are transmitted essay?

Answer 1

My house: Hall way:

Rephrase question and give my interpretation

(Review on Antimicrobial Resistance, 2014):
New approaches constantly required to combat bacterial infections
Importance is empathised as a Projected 10 millions deaths a year by 2050

(Neu, 1992):
Due to the overindulgent use of antibiotics in recent generations stimulating resistance through the R plasmid

(Davies, 2010):
The understanding of more of these mechanisms which shall be discussed due to developed new strategies would allow studies to exploit these naturally present solutions with potential to unravel the international problem.

Say how this essay will answer this

Question 2

Antibiotic resistance and gene transfer: paragraph 1 cedifercol?

Answer 2

Living room:
(Denis, 2014):
manipulates pathways of the immune response, concentration gradients, and mineral desire.
Antibacterial activity of Cefiderocol and its ability to form a chelating complex with ferric Iron. (this is the small intro)

The transporter apparatus within Pseudomonas aeruginos
(a prime bacterium in Nosocomial infections, which is becoming ever more impossible to cure due to multidrug resistant strains)

(Dreschel, 1997):
This happens because the bacterium transport apparatus consists of siderophores which forage for essential minerals such as iron, which is essential to life especially in the Iron depleted conditions of an immune response

(Mollmann, 2009):
Once Cefiderocol has integrated within the bacterium masked by iron it then has the potential to exhibit antibacterial traits in a “Trojan Horse” perceived manner resulting in inevitable cell death

(Portsmouth S, 2018):
Demonstrated by effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with 73% of patients’ urinary tract infections being alleviated in a sample of 252 patients

Question 3

Antibiotic resistance and gene transfer: paragraph 1 cedifercol resistance?

Answer 3

(Poole K, 2011) demonstrated:
However Pseudomonas aeruginosa can develop resistance during anti-pseudomonal chemotherapy both of which compromise treatment of infections caused by this organism.

Acquired resistance in this organism is multifactorial and attributable to chromosomal mutations and the acquisition of resistance genes via horizontal gene transfer.

Mutational changes impacting resistance include upregulation of multidrug efflux systems to promote antimicrobial expulsion, alterations to outer membrane permeability to limit antimicrobial entry and alterations to antimicrobial targets

Hence it is apparent Pseudomonas aeruginosa has the potential to develop mechanisms against cediferocol

Question 4

Conclusion for antibiotic resistance and gene transfer paragraph 1?

Answer 4

Concluding sentence
Who it affects
Positives and negatives of source

Question 5

Introduction for antibiotic resistance and gene transfer paragraph 1?

Answer 5

Describe the war between resistance and development of new antibiotics

And how The understanding of more of these mechanisms due to developed new strategies would allow studies to exploit these naturally present solutions Davies , 2010)

Question 6

Introduction for paragraph 2, antibiotic resistance and gene transfer?

Answer 6

(Neu, 1992):
The exchange of genetic material and chromosomal alteration are enhancing bacteria’s ability to resist and adapt to previous methods
That inhibitied the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall and essential proteins, as well as the disturbance of DNA replication

Question 7

Describing gene transfer paragraph 1 of antibiotic resistance and gene transfer?

Answer 7

(Chen 2004):
An example is Mechanisms in bacteria include transformation: transfer of DNA from the extracellular milieu into the cytoplasm requires proteins that are related to those involved in the assembly of type IV pili and type II secretion systems
as well as a DNA translocase complex at the cytoplasmic membrane.

Resulting in genetic transformation and spread of resistance

Question 8

Describe blocking gene transfer paragraph 2 of antibiotic resistance and gene transfer?

Answer 8

However this transformation can be countered

(Ge J, 2012):

The SDHA gene provides instructions for making one of four parts (subunits) of the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) enzyme.

Was shown in Legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of Legionnaires’ pneumonia, Legionella DNA was released into macrophage cytosol, and this effect was significantly exaggerated by the absence of SdhA

Hence a potential method to reduce transformation gene transfer could be reduced via manipulation of the levels of this gene, and other with similar effect

Question 9

Conclusion for antibiotic resistance and gene transfer paragraph 2?

Answer 9

Concluding sentence
Who it affects

Give a positive and a negative on the source

Question 10

Conclusion for antibiotic resistance and gene transfer?

Answer 10

State question again and give final answer

Practical application (why the it’s essential to understand these mechanisms so we can combat them)

Further study on them in clinical trials, brings in physiology

Strong final statement