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Human Biosciences > Human anatomy and kinathropometry part 2 > Flashcards

Human anatomy and kinathropometry part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Name corresponding for breathing?

A

Pulmonary ventilation

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2
Q

Name corresponding for inhalation?

A

Inspiration

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3
Q

Name corresponding for exhalation?

A

Expiration

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4
Q

What occurs during inspiration very basically?

A

There is a pressure differential between ambient air and air in lungs

Pressure outside > Pressure inside

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5
Q

Features of inhalation

A

Active process

Contract diaphragm (75%0
Contract external intercostals (25%)

Accessory muscles fro speed

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6
Q

Features of exhalation?

A

Usually a passive process, but when active:
Contract internal intercostals
Contract transverse muscles
Contract abdominal muscles

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7
Q

What stimulates the Diaphragm?

A

The left and right Phrenic nerve

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8
Q

Features of Diaphragm?

A

Central tendon in which all the muscle radiates

Vena cava
Aorta
Oesophagus
All go through it

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9
Q

Features of the top of the airway the Pharynx (throat)?

A

Common to digestive and respiratory system

Lined by mucosa

Contains skeletal muscle

Nasopharynx - tonsils
Oropharynx - mouth, uvela
Hypopharynx
Esophagus

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10
Q

Features of the larynx (section after Pharynx)?

A

Prevents swallowed substances entering respiratory tract

Conducts air into lower respiratory tract

Produces sound

Made up of lots of cartilage

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11
Q

Features of the trachea (part bellow pharynx)?

A

4-6 inches

16-20 C shaped rings (as oesophagus is behind)

Rings stabilise trachea but allow it to expand and lengthen

No rings = trachea collapses

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12
Q

Basic anatomy of lungs?

A

Left:
Superior lobe
Inferior lobe
Cardiac notch - where heart sits

Right:
Superior lobe
Inferior lobe
Middle lobe

Apex is very top of both lungs

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13
Q

Airways big to small?

A

Trachea
Conducting zone:

Main bronchus
Secondary Lobar Bronchi (2 on left, 3 on right)
Tertiary segmental bronchus
Conducting Bronchiole
Terminal Bronchiole

Respiratory zone:

Respiratory Bronchiole
Alveolar duct
Alveolar sac
Alveolar

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14
Q

What types of alevolar cell are there?

A 
Type 1 (95%  of surface, function is the maintenance of the permeability barrier function of the alveolar membrane )
Type 2 (5% of surface makes surfactant, stops them sticking when collapse)`
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15
Q

Parts of the respiratory membrane in order?

A

Alveolar wall
Epithelial basement membrane (alveoli)
Capillary basement membrane
Endothelial cells of capillary walls

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16
Q

Why is the respiratory membrane a very good gas exchange site?

A

Concentration difference
High blood supply
Permeable to O2 and CO2
Small diffusion distance

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17
Q

What’s the wrapping around the heart called?

A

Pericardium

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18
Q

Features of Pericardium?

A

Made up of collagen

Outer fibrous layer
Inner serous layer

Inner serous percardium is made up of parietal layer, and then there’s a parietal cavity, then there is the visceral layer (=Epicardium)

Provdies a small amount of protection from force, a lot of protection from infection

Provides lubrication, to preventing friction

It’s attached to diaphragm to keep heart in place

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19
Q

What’s pericarditis?

A

Inflamation of the pericardium

Build up of pericardial fluid

Squeezes myocardium

Heart can not contract fully

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20
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart wall (type 1 fibre) from deepest to nearest to surface?

A

Endocardium:

Endothelium
Connective tissue

Myocardium:

Cardiac tissue

Epicardium (visceral pericardium):

Mesothelium
Connective tissue

GOING TO BE IN EXAM

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21
Q

Blood flow order (not including atrium and ventricles and lungs)?

A 
Vena cava
Tricuspid valve
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary veins
Bicuspid valve
Aortic valve
Aorta
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22
Q

What are auricles?

A

Anterior surface of each atrium

Slightly increases capacity of each atrium

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23
Q

What are Sulci?

A

Grooves on the heart that contain blood vessels and fat

Separate chambers

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24
Q

Learn all parts in heart of model in lab

A

will be in exam

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25
Q

Why is the left side of the heart walls much thicker (myocardial thickness)?

A

Has to pump blood to whole body instead of just lungs

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26
Q

Features of the right atrium?

A

Anterior upper medial surface of the heart

Recieves blood from the superior and inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus (collects deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle (myocardium)

Has the Fossa ovalis, which is the remnant of a thin fibrous sheet that covered the formamen ovule (hole in heart, blood doesn’t need to go to lung during fetal development)

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27
Q

Why would it be bad if Fissa ovalis was still open after fetal development?

A

Lots of blood wouldn’t be pumped to the lungs and obtain oxygen

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28
Q

Features of the right ventricle?

A

Order from right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries is:

Pulmonary outflow track

Pulmonary semi-lunar valve

Pulmonary trunk

Right and left pulmondary arteries

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29
Q

Features of the left atrium?

A

It’s very posterior

Recieves blood from the pulmonary veins

Blood passes from the left atrium to left ventricle via the bicsupid (mitral) valve

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30
Q

Features of left ventricle?

A

Pushes the blood into the aorta through the aortic valve

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31
Q

Features of tri/bi cuspid valves?

A 
Tri = 3 parts of trap door
Bi = 2 parts of trap door

Have Chordae tendineae, holding valves in place

The Chordae tendineae are attached to the Papillary muscle, which is attached to the heart wall, which controls blood going in and out (also the pressure does)

When papillary muscle is relaxed, chordae tendineae are slack, blood can flow through

When Papillary muscle is contracted, chordae tendineae are taut and blood can’t flow through

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32
Q

What is the coronary blood supply?

A

The hearts own blood supply

Have the right coronary artery that has branched off it the posterior interventricular artery and right marginal artery

Branching off from the left coronary artery we have the circumflex artery and the anterior interventricular artery

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33
Q

Describe the electrical system of the heart?

A

Sinoatrial node

Current makes right atrium contract

Current goes to Bachmann’s bundle makes left atrium contract

Through septum of heart

Goes to atrioventricular node

His bundle

Purkinje fibers

Left posterior bundle and right bundle, ventricles contract

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34
Q

Examples of microcircultion?

A

Arterioles feeding capillaries
Cappillaries exchange with tissue
Venules receive capillary blood

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35
Q

Blood vessel walls of artery, most apply to veins aswell?

A

Lumen

Tunica intima - continuous with endothelium, basement membrane, internal elastic lamina

Tunica media- smooth muscle which constricts and dilates, external elastic lamina

Tunica externa- Vasa Vasorum, nerve fibres, lympahitcs

Elastin fibres

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36
Q

Features of elastic (conducting) arteries?

A

Thick walled arteries near the heart

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37
Q

Features of muscular arteries?

A

Distal to elastic arteries

Deliver blood to organs

*add notes from slide

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38
Q

Features of arterioles?

A

Smallest arteries

Lead to capillary bed

Control flow into capillary beds via vasodilation and vasoconstroction

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39
Q

Features of capillary bed?

A

Where exchange between blood and cells occur

Organised into interconnected beds

Vasomotion of precapillary sphincters controls flow, so they contract and prevent blood going into certain places

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40
Q

Features of capillaries?

A

Smallest blood vessel

Thin tunica interna, 1 cell thick

1 red blood cell at a time

Pericytes stableise the walls

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41
Q

Features of continuous capillaries?

A

Abundant in skin and muscle

Have endothelial cells = uninterrupted lining

Intercellular clefts = passage of fluids

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42
Q

Fenestrated capillaries?

A

Found where active cappilary absorption and filtration occur

Kidneys
Small intestines
Endocrine glands

43
Q

Features of sinusoid capillaries?

A

Very leaky

Found in liver, bone marrow and spleen

Large molecules can pass through to tissue

44
Q

Features of venules?

A

Formed when capillary beds unite

Very similar structure to veins

45
Q

Features of veins?

A

Formed when venules converge

Composed of 3 tunics

Less smooth muscle than arteries

Act as capacitance vessels- blood reservoirs

Have valves to prevent backflow, muscles around veins contract to push blood up to heart

46
Q

Why do we need blood?

A

Transportation:
Gases
Nutrients
Waste

Regulation:
pH
Body temperature
Osmotic balance

Protection:
Clotting
Immunity

47
Q

Components of blood?

A

Plasma (55%)

Buffy coat (white blood cells and platelets) (smaller than 1%)

Erythrocytes (45%)

48
Q

Features of plasma?

A

Mainly water

Small amount of Plasma proteins:
Created in liver by hepatocytes:
Albumins, help with transport of fat around the body (fatty acids)
Immunoglobulins, help in immunity
Fibrinogen, help form scabs
Very small amounts of other solutes:
Electrolytes
Nutrients
Gases
Regulatory substances
Waste products
49
Q

Features of erythrocytes?

A 
Contain Hb to carry O2
Bioconcave to increase SA
Strong, flexible plasma membrane
No nucleus or any other organelles
Cytosol contain Hb molecules
50
Q

Features of white blood cells (leukocytes)?

A

Fight infection

Large in size

Have nucleus

Neutrophils and monocytes release, Phagocytes

T and B lymphocytes, kill by cytotoxins

Eosinophils, kills with cytotoxins

Basophils, inflamation

51
Q

Features of platelets?

A

Smallest part of blood

No nucleus

Disc shaped fragments

Involved in clotting:

52
Q

Red blood cell production?

A

Low blood oxygen

Kidney release EPO

Stimulates RBC production in red bone marrow

RBC will start as Proerythroblasts and produce haemoglobin

Nucleus ejected to make sure there is enough room for Hb and a reticulocyte is formed

Reticulocytes escape bone marrow

In the next 1-2 days eject other organelles to become mature RBC

53
Q

What does sickle cell anaemia do?

A

Genetic disease

RBC are sickle shaped and not bioconcave

Can’t carry as much oxygen

Can get stuck in blood vessels

54
Q

How many molecules of Oxygen per Hb?

A

4 as 4 Fe(2+) groups

When one binds increases affinity for more to bind

55
Q

What does Hb do?

A

Hb binds to oxygen in capillaries surrounding alveoli

Delivers oxygen to tissues down it’s concentration gradient

56
Q

Oxygen transport within the muscle?

A

Myoglobin Shuttles oxygen from cell membrane to mitochondria

Myoglobin is a Iron containing protein in cardiac and skeletal muscle

Only 1 iron atom

Myoglobin Higher affinity for oxygen than Hb:
Even at low pressure
Intramuscular oxygen store

Enables oxygen transfer at low PO2

57
Q

What is anemia?

A

When there is not enough blood, or blood does not have enough haemoglobin

Treated by transfusion, taking more iron or looking at diet

58
Q

Ways in which people cheat at sport?

A

Inject EPO for more red blood cell development

Take out blood, more EPO made as lower RBC count, then inject blood back in before race

59
Q

What is kinathropometry?

A

The area of science concerned with the measurement of human body composition and proportions

60
Q

What is body composition?

A

Refers to the relative proportions of protein, water and mineral components in the body

61
Q

Equation for BMI?

A

weight in kg / (height in metres)^2

62
Q

Different levels of body composition?

A 
Atomic
Molecular (protein carbs lipids)
Cellular
Tissue
Whole body
63
Q

What is the density of fat?

A

0.9 g / ml

It is known

64
Q

What is the density of fat free mass (lean mass, bone mass, body water, organs, other soft tissues)?

A

1.1 g/ml

It is assumed, but constant within an individual

65
Q

What is percent body fat?

A

Percent of total weight that is fat tissue

66
Q

What is essential fat?

A

Body fat that is essential for normal physiological functioning

So consists of fat in major organs, muscles and central nervous system

Important for childbearing and hormone related functions

67
Q

What is storage fat?

A

Body fat that is not essential but does provide energy, insulation and padding

Mainly accumulates in adipose tissues

68
Q

Where do men tend to store fat?

A

Around the abdomen

69
Q

Where do women tend to store fat?

A

In the lower extremities

70
Q

Describe the Android (apple) body shape pattern?

A

Excess fat on upper body and trunk

Associated with greater disease risk

71
Q

Describe the Gynoid (pear) body shape pattern?

A

Excess fat mainly on lower body (hips and thighs)

72
Q

How do you calculate Fat-Free Mass?

A

Weight (kg) x (1 - (body fat % (make sure percent is a decimal))

73
Q

How do you calculate Fat-Free mass index (FFMI)?

A

Fat free mass (kg) / (height in metres)^2

74
Q

How do you calculate Fat Mass index (FMI)?

A

Fat mass (kg) / (height in metres)^2

75
Q

Importance of body composition assesment?

A

Health

Performance

76
Q

What is body density (Db)?

A

Mass/Volume

Units are kg/L

Assumptions are Fat component = Fat (adipose) + Neural + Essential Fat
Density of fat component 0.9 g/ml

Fat-Free component = Lean mass + bone mass + tendons + organs + water
Density of FFM = 1.1g/ml

77
Q

Where is accuracy lost in underwater weighing?

A

Variation in FFM from one individual to another

Age, sex, race - can limit this by having equations made for them

Sources of error:
Not getting all the air out

78
Q

Advantages and distadvantahes of underwater weighing (indirect)?

A

Valid and reliable
Has specific equations

Subjects not comfortable blowing all air out
Hard for children to understand
Time consuming
Difficult for elderly

79
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of BOD POD Air displacement (indirect)?

A

Subject acceptability
Precision (reliable not accurate)
Less time consuming
More accommodating

Very expensive
Assumption of constant density of FFM and FM for prediction of whole body fat %

Assumption that bod pod controls the isothermal effects of clothing hiar thoracic gas volume and body surface area

80
Q

Advantages and disadvatanges of Dual-energy X ray absortiometry (gold standard) (indirect)?

A 
Can give us bone mass
Very accurate
Safe and rapid
Minimal subject cooperation
Low radiation exposure

Very expensive
Limited access
Results may vary with different models

81
Q

Hows a direct method different to indirect?

A

Direct they have to be dead as it’s invasive

82
Q

What is anthropometry?

A

The measurement of size and proportion of the human body

Aiming to asses regional fat distribtion

83
Q

anthropometric measures?

A 
Circumference
Bony diameteres
BMI
Waist to hip ratio
waist to height ratio
sagittal abdominal diameter
84
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of BMI (doubly indirect)?

A

Quickly calculated no knoweldge needed
Inexpensive only need basic equipment

Does not account for body composition
Can therefore give incorrect body type
Need to use other measures for distribution

85
Q

Disadvantages of wait to hip ratio?

A

Affected by menapusal status

As fatness increases accuracy decreases

86
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of skinfold methods (double indirect)?

A

Measures subcutaneous fat
Portable
Inexpensive
Validated aginst hydrodensitometry

Lots of factors on taking the skin fold, eg locating it, taking right amount of skin, applying correct pressure

87
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of BIA (electrical one) (doubly indirect)?

A

Portable and convenient
Quick test time
Quite chea[
Beginning to develop specific equations

Values affected by changes in body water
Sensitive to body temp, and exercise and menstrual cycle

88
Q

What is sarciopenia?

A

Loss of muscle mass

89
Q

What happens in changes of muscle structure as you get old?

A

Loss of muscle fibers
Loss of motor neurons at the spinal cord level
Reduction in type II fibres
Increased replacement of muscle with fat

90
Q

What happens in changes of muscle metabolism as you get old?

A

Increase in mitochondrial DNA mutation

Decline in muscle mitochondrial protein synthesis, so decreased oxidative phosphorylation and ATP generation, results in more easily fatigued

Decline in myosin heavy chain synthesis

91
Q

Who has a higher disability rate at extremely high % of muscle mass?

A

Females

92
Q

What can increase muscle mass in arthritis?

A

Training

93
Q

What happens if you drink lots of water then do a BIA?

A

Intially body fat% will be measured higher as your weight has increased

But if you wait a bit, it will be measured lower, as water is a good conductor so will allow electricity to flow faster, and fat is an insulator which slows it down

94
Q

BIA measures at what level?

A

Molecular

95
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Disease characterized by decreased bone mass and bone tissue deterioration

Holes appear in the bone matrix due to mineral loss

96
Q

Problems associated with very low body fat in women? (women less than 10-12%, men less than 5%)

A

Amenorrhea in females:
Complete cessation of menstrual period
Occurs very highly in women athletes

Also oligomenorrhea = irregular menstrual cycles

Both increase risk of bone loss and injury

97
Q

What’s type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

A

Type 1 is pancreas produces little or no insulin

Type 2 the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin, cells are resistant to insulin or both (fat people)

98
Q

What’s sarcopenia?

A

Skeletal muscle loss

Poor muscle quality

99
Q

What is a samatotype?

A

a category to which people are assigned according to the extent to which their bodily physique conforms to a basic type ( endomorphic, mesomorphic, or ectomorphic).

100
Q

Features of an endomorph? (7-1-1)

A

Wider front to back rather than side to side

A lot of fat on body , upper arms and thighs

Have short atms and legs with a large mass

Good at power demanding sports not agility based

Also have very large lungs

101
Q

Features of a mesomorph (1-7-1)?

A

Wedge shaped body
Muscled arms and legs
Minimum amount of fat

Overall best athlete

102
Q

Features of an ectomorph (1-1-7)?

A

Narrow shoulders and hips
Narrow chest and abdomen
Thin arms and legs
Little muscle and fat

Good for endurance sports and gymnastics

103
Q

Order of Heath-Carter method?

A

(endomorphy - mesomorphy - ectomorphy)

e.g. 3-5-2

0.5-2.5 is very low
3-5 moderate
5.5-7 high
7.5 + very high

104
Q

3 ways of obtaining the samatotype?

A

Anthropometric method
The Photoscopic method
Or both

Human Biosciences (69 decks)

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