Human anatomy and kinathropometry part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Name corresponding for breathing?

A

Pulmonary ventilation

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2
Q

Name corresponding for inhalation?

A

Inspiration

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3
Q

Name corresponding for exhalation?

A

Expiration

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4
Q

What occurs during inspiration very basically?

A

There is a pressure differential between ambient air and air in lungs

Pressure outside > Pressure inside

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5
Q

Features of inhalation

A

Active process

Contract diaphragm (75%0
Contract external intercostals (25%)

Accessory muscles fro speed

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6
Q

Features of exhalation?

A

Usually a passive process, but when active:
Contract internal intercostals
Contract transverse muscles
Contract abdominal muscles

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7
Q

What stimulates the Diaphragm?

A

The left and right Phrenic nerve

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8
Q

Features of Diaphragm?

A

Central tendon in which all the muscle radiates

Vena cava
Aorta
Oesophagus
All go through it

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9
Q

Features of the top of the airway the Pharynx (throat)?

A

Common to digestive and respiratory system

Lined by mucosa

Contains skeletal muscle

Nasopharynx - tonsils
Oropharynx - mouth, uvela
Hypopharynx
Esophagus

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10
Q

Features of the larynx (section after Pharynx)?

A

Prevents swallowed substances entering respiratory tract

Conducts air into lower respiratory tract

Produces sound

Made up of lots of cartilage

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11
Q

Features of the trachea (part bellow pharynx)?

A

4-6 inches

16-20 C shaped rings (as oesophagus is behind)

Rings stabilise trachea but allow it to expand and lengthen

No rings = trachea collapses

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12
Q

Basic anatomy of lungs?

A

Left:
Superior lobe
Inferior lobe
Cardiac notch - where heart sits

Right:
Superior lobe
Inferior lobe
Middle lobe

Apex is very top of both lungs

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13
Q

Airways big to small?

A

Trachea
Conducting zone:

Main bronchus
Secondary Lobar Bronchi (2 on left, 3 on right)
Tertiary segmental bronchus
Conducting Bronchiole
Terminal Bronchiole

Respiratory zone:

Respiratory Bronchiole
Alveolar duct
Alveolar sac
Alveolar

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14
Q

What types of alevolar cell are there?

A
Type 1 (95%  of surface, function is the maintenance of the permeability barrier function of the alveolar membrane )
Type 2 (5% of surface makes surfactant, stops them sticking when collapse)`
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15
Q

Parts of the respiratory membrane in order?

A

Alveolar wall
Epithelial basement membrane (alveoli)
Capillary basement membrane
Endothelial cells of capillary walls

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16
Q

Why is the respiratory membrane a very good gas exchange site?

A

Concentration difference
High blood supply
Permeable to O2 and CO2
Small diffusion distance

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17
Q

What’s the wrapping around the heart called?

A

Pericardium

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18
Q

Features of Pericardium?

A

Made up of collagen

Outer fibrous layer
Inner serous layer

Inner serous percardium is made up of parietal layer, and then there’s a parietal cavity, then there is the visceral layer (=Epicardium)

Provdies a small amount of protection from force, a lot of protection from infection

Provides lubrication, to preventing friction

It’s attached to diaphragm to keep heart in place

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19
Q

What’s pericarditis?

A

Inflamation of the pericardium

Build up of pericardial fluid

Squeezes myocardium

Heart can not contract fully

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20
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart wall (type 1 fibre) from deepest to nearest to surface?

A

Endocardium:

Endothelium
Connective tissue

Myocardium:

Cardiac tissue

Epicardium (visceral pericardium):

Mesothelium
Connective tissue

GOING TO BE IN EXAM

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21
Q

Blood flow order (not including atrium and ventricles and lungs)?

A
Vena cava
Tricuspid valve
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary veins
Bicuspid valve
Aortic valve
Aorta
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22
Q

What are auricles?

A

Anterior surface of each atrium

Slightly increases capacity of each atrium

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23
Q

What are Sulci?

A

Grooves on the heart that contain blood vessels and fat

Separate chambers

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24
Q

Learn all parts in heart of model in lab

A

will be in exam

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25
Why is the left side of the heart walls much thicker (myocardial thickness)?
Has to pump blood to whole body instead of just lungs
26
Features of the right atrium?
Anterior upper medial surface of the heart Recieves blood from the superior and inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus (collects deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle (myocardium) Has the Fossa ovalis, which is the remnant of a thin fibrous sheet that covered the formamen ovule (hole in heart, blood doesn't need to go to lung during fetal development)
27
Why would it be bad if Fissa ovalis was still open after fetal development?
Lots of blood wouldn't be pumped to the lungs and obtain oxygen
28
Features of the right ventricle?
Order from right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries is: Pulmonary outflow track Pulmonary semi-lunar valve Pulmonary trunk Right and left pulmondary arteries
29
Features of the left atrium?
It's very posterior Recieves blood from the pulmonary veins Blood passes from the left atrium to left ventricle via the bicsupid (mitral) valve
30
Features of left ventricle?
Pushes the blood into the aorta through the aortic valve
31
Features of tri/bi cuspid valves?
``` Tri = 3 parts of trap door Bi = 2 parts of trap door ``` Have Chordae tendineae, holding valves in place The Chordae tendineae are attached to the Papillary muscle, which is attached to the heart wall, which controls blood going in and out (also the pressure does) When papillary muscle is relaxed, chordae tendineae are slack, blood can flow through When Papillary muscle is contracted, chordae tendineae are taut and blood can't flow through
32
What is the coronary blood supply?
The hearts own blood supply Have the right coronary artery that has branched off it the posterior interventricular artery and right marginal artery Branching off from the left coronary artery we have the circumflex artery and the anterior interventricular artery
33
Describe the electrical system of the heart?
Sinoatrial node Current makes right atrium contract Current goes to Bachmann's bundle makes left atrium contract Through septum of heart Goes to atrioventricular node His bundle Purkinje fibers Left posterior bundle and right bundle, ventricles contract
34
Examples of microcircultion?
Arterioles feeding capillaries Cappillaries exchange with tissue Venules receive capillary blood
35
Blood vessel walls of artery, most apply to veins aswell?
Lumen Tunica intima - continuous with endothelium, basement membrane, internal elastic lamina Tunica media- smooth muscle which constricts and dilates, external elastic lamina Tunica externa- Vasa Vasorum, nerve fibres, lympahitcs Elastin fibres
36
Features of elastic (conducting) arteries?
Thick walled arteries near the heart
37
Features of muscular arteries?
Distal to elastic arteries Deliver blood to organs *add notes from slide
38
Features of arterioles?
Smallest arteries Lead to capillary bed Control flow into capillary beds via vasodilation and vasoconstroction
39
Features of capillary bed?
Where exchange between blood and cells occur Organised into interconnected beds Vasomotion of precapillary sphincters controls flow, so they contract and prevent blood going into certain places
40
Features of capillaries?
Smallest blood vessel Thin tunica interna, 1 cell thick 1 red blood cell at a time Pericytes stableise the walls
41
Features of continuous capillaries?
Abundant in skin and muscle Have endothelial cells = uninterrupted lining Intercellular clefts = passage of fluids
42
Fenestrated capillaries?
Found where active cappilary absorption and filtration occur Kidneys Small intestines Endocrine glands
43
Features of sinusoid capillaries?
Very leaky Found in liver, bone marrow and spleen Large molecules can pass through to tissue
44
Features of venules?
Formed when capillary beds unite Very similar structure to veins
45
Features of veins?
Formed when venules converge Composed of 3 tunics Less smooth muscle than arteries Act as capacitance vessels- blood reservoirs Have valves to prevent backflow, muscles around veins contract to push blood up to heart
46
Why do we need blood?
Transportation: Gases Nutrients Waste Regulation: pH Body temperature Osmotic balance Protection: Clotting Immunity
47
Components of blood?
Plasma (55%) Buffy coat (white blood cells and platelets) (smaller than 1%) Erythrocytes (45%)
48
Features of plasma?
Mainly water ``` Small amount of Plasma proteins: Created in liver by hepatocytes: Albumins, help with transport of fat around the body (fatty acids) Immunoglobulins, help in immunity Fibrinogen, help form scabs ``` ``` Very small amounts of other solutes: Electrolytes Nutrients Gases Regulatory substances Waste products ```
49
Features of erythrocytes?
``` Contain Hb to carry O2 Bioconcave to increase SA Strong, flexible plasma membrane No nucleus or any other organelles Cytosol contain Hb molecules ```
50
Features of white blood cells (leukocytes)?
Fight infection Large in size Have nucleus Neutrophils and monocytes release, Phagocytes T and B lymphocytes, kill by cytotoxins Eosinophils, kills with cytotoxins Basophils, inflamation
51
Features of platelets?
Smallest part of blood No nucleus Disc shaped fragments Involved in clotting:
52
Red blood cell production?
Low blood oxygen Kidney release EPO Stimulates RBC production in red bone marrow RBC will start as Proerythroblasts and produce haemoglobin Nucleus ejected to make sure there is enough room for Hb and a reticulocyte is formed Reticulocytes escape bone marrow In the next 1-2 days eject other organelles to become mature RBC
53
What does sickle cell anaemia do?
Genetic disease RBC are sickle shaped and not bioconcave Can't carry as much oxygen Can get stuck in blood vessels
54
How many molecules of Oxygen per Hb?
4 as 4 Fe(2+) groups When one binds increases affinity for more to bind
55
What does Hb do?
Hb binds to oxygen in capillaries surrounding alveoli Delivers oxygen to tissues down it's concentration gradient
56
Oxygen transport within the muscle?
Myoglobin Shuttles oxygen from cell membrane to mitochondria Myoglobin is a Iron containing protein in cardiac and skeletal muscle Only 1 iron atom Myoglobin Higher affinity for oxygen than Hb: Even at low pressure Intramuscular oxygen store Enables oxygen transfer at low PO2
57
What is anemia?
When there is not enough blood, or blood does not have enough haemoglobin Treated by transfusion, taking more iron or looking at diet
58
Ways in which people cheat at sport?
Inject EPO for more red blood cell development Take out blood, more EPO made as lower RBC count, then inject blood back in before race
59
What is kinathropometry?
The area of science concerned with the measurement of human body composition and proportions
60
What is body composition?
Refers to the relative proportions of protein, water and mineral components in the body
61
Equation for BMI?
weight in kg / (height in metres)^2
62
Different levels of body composition?
``` Atomic Molecular (protein carbs lipids) Cellular Tissue Whole body ```
63
What is the density of fat?
0.9 g / ml | It is known
64
What is the density of fat free mass (lean mass, bone mass, body water, organs, other soft tissues)?
1.1 g/ml It is assumed, but constant within an individual
65
What is percent body fat?
Percent of total weight that is fat tissue
66
What is essential fat?
Body fat that is essential for normal physiological functioning So consists of fat in major organs, muscles and central nervous system Important for childbearing and hormone related functions
67
What is storage fat?
Body fat that is not essential but does provide energy, insulation and padding Mainly accumulates in adipose tissues
68
Where do men tend to store fat?
Around the abdomen
69
Where do women tend to store fat?
In the lower extremities
70
Describe the Android (apple) body shape pattern?
Excess fat on upper body and trunk Associated with greater disease risk
71
Describe the Gynoid (pear) body shape pattern?
Excess fat mainly on lower body (hips and thighs)
72
How do you calculate Fat-Free Mass?
Weight (kg) x (1 - (body fat % (make sure percent is a decimal))
73
How do you calculate Fat-Free mass index (FFMI)?
Fat free mass (kg) / (height in metres)^2
74
How do you calculate Fat Mass index (FMI)?
Fat mass (kg) / (height in metres)^2
75
Importance of body composition assesment?
Health Performance
76
What is body density (Db)?
Mass/Volume Units are kg/L Assumptions are Fat component = Fat (adipose) + Neural + Essential Fat Density of fat component 0.9 g/ml Fat-Free component = Lean mass + bone mass + tendons + organs + water Density of FFM = 1.1g/ml
77
Where is accuracy lost in underwater weighing?
Variation in FFM from one individual to another Age, sex, race - can limit this by having equations made for them Sources of error: Not getting all the air out
78
Advantages and distadvantahes of underwater weighing (indirect)?
Valid and reliable Has specific equations Subjects not comfortable blowing all air out Hard for children to understand Time consuming Difficult for elderly
79
Advantages and disadvantages of BOD POD Air displacement (indirect)?
Subject acceptability Precision (reliable not accurate) Less time consuming More accommodating Very expensive Assumption of constant density of FFM and FM for prediction of whole body fat % Assumption that bod pod controls the isothermal effects of clothing hiar thoracic gas volume and body surface area
80
Advantages and disadvatanges of Dual-energy X ray absortiometry (gold standard) (indirect)?
``` Can give us bone mass Very accurate Safe and rapid Minimal subject cooperation Low radiation exposure ``` Very expensive Limited access Results may vary with different models
81
Hows a direct method different to indirect?
Direct they have to be dead as it's invasive
82
What is anthropometry?
The measurement of size and proportion of the human body Aiming to asses regional fat distribtion
83
anthropometric measures?
``` Circumference Bony diameteres BMI Waist to hip ratio waist to height ratio sagittal abdominal diameter ```
84
Advantages and disadvantages of BMI (doubly indirect)?
Quickly calculated no knoweldge needed Inexpensive only need basic equipment Does not account for body composition Can therefore give incorrect body type Need to use other measures for distribution
85
Disadvantages of wait to hip ratio?
Affected by menapusal status | As fatness increases accuracy decreases
86
Advantages and disadvantages of skinfold methods (double indirect)?
Measures subcutaneous fat Portable Inexpensive Validated aginst hydrodensitometry Lots of factors on taking the skin fold, eg locating it, taking right amount of skin, applying correct pressure
87
Advantages and disadvantages of BIA (electrical one) (doubly indirect)?
Portable and convenient Quick test time Quite chea[ Beginning to develop specific equations Values affected by changes in body water Sensitive to body temp, and exercise and menstrual cycle
88
What is sarciopenia?
Loss of muscle mass
89
What happens in changes of muscle structure as you get old?
Loss of muscle fibers Loss of motor neurons at the spinal cord level Reduction in type II fibres Increased replacement of muscle with fat
90
What happens in changes of muscle metabolism as you get old?
Increase in mitochondrial DNA mutation Decline in muscle mitochondrial protein synthesis, so decreased oxidative phosphorylation and ATP generation, results in more easily fatigued Decline in myosin heavy chain synthesis
91
Who has a higher disability rate at extremely high % of muscle mass?
Females
92
What can increase muscle mass in arthritis?
Training
93
What happens if you drink lots of water then do a BIA?
Intially body fat% will be measured higher as your weight has increased But if you wait a bit, it will be measured lower, as water is a good conductor so will allow electricity to flow faster, and fat is an insulator which slows it down
94
BIA measures at what level?
Molecular
95
What is osteoporosis?
Disease characterized by decreased bone mass and bone tissue deterioration Holes appear in the bone matrix due to mineral loss
96
Problems associated with very low body fat in women? (women less than 10-12%, men less than 5%)
Amenorrhea in females: Complete cessation of menstrual period Occurs very highly in women athletes Also oligomenorrhea = irregular menstrual cycles Both increase risk of bone loss and injury
97
What's type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
Type 1 is pancreas produces little or no insulin Type 2 the pancreas doesn't produce enough insulin, cells are resistant to insulin or both (fat people)
98
What's sarcopenia?
Skeletal muscle loss | Poor muscle quality
99
What is a samatotype?
a category to which people are assigned according to the extent to which their bodily physique conforms to a basic type ( endomorphic, mesomorphic, or ectomorphic).
100
Features of an endomorph? (7-1-1)
Wider front to back rather than side to side A lot of fat on body , upper arms and thighs Have short atms and legs with a large mass Good at power demanding sports not agility based Also have very large lungs
101
Features of a mesomorph (1-7-1)?
Wedge shaped body Muscled arms and legs Minimum amount of fat Overall best athlete
102
Features of an ectomorph (1-1-7)?
Narrow shoulders and hips Narrow chest and abdomen Thin arms and legs Little muscle and fat Good for endurance sports and gymnastics
103
Order of Heath-Carter method?
(endomorphy - mesomorphy - ectomorphy) e.g. 3-5-2 0.5-2.5 is very low 3-5 moderate 5.5-7 high 7.5 + very high
104
3 ways of obtaining the samatotype?
Anthropometric method The Photoscopic method Or both