Final strength and conditioning Flashcards
Give an example of hormonal amplification?
Hypothalamus produces corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) to the pituitary gland
Pituitary gland produces ACTH
ACTH stimulates the adrenal gland to produce cortisol. Cortisol levels help to control the pituitary’s production of ACTH
At each stage the production is amplified
The primary site of production, tissue/organs of action and major physiological functions of growth hormone?
Pituitary gland
Bone, muscle, connective tissue
Cell reproduction/regeneration, stimulate glycogenolysis and lipolysis
The primary site of production, tissue/organs of action and major physiological functions of oxytocin?
Pituitary gland
Uterus, breast tissue
Stimulates contraction during labour, stimulates contraction to produce milk
The primary site of production, tissue/organs of action and major physiological functions of leptin?
Adipose tissue
Hypothalamus
Suppression of appetite
The primary site of production, tissue/organs of action and major physiological functions of progesterone?
Ovaries
Female reproductive tract, breast tissue
Maintains structure, promotes sex characteristics
The primary site of production, tissue/organs of action and major physiological functions of atrial natriuretic hormone?
heart
Kidney
Stimulates excretion of urine
Importance of systemic changes in hormone delivery with exercise?
Fluid volume shifts:
More cellular water, less blood water = amplified endocrine effect from blood borne hormones
Blood flow re-distribution during exercise:
Greater amount of hormones delivered to working muscles
Increased cardiac output so quicker delivery to muscle tissue
Exercise can alter the concentration and sensitivity of receptors to their specified hormone
Acute effects of testosterone on muscle tissue?
Stimulates production of neurotransmitters increases force
Facilitates calcium release from sarcolemma increases force
Increases muscle protein synthesis
Acute GH response to exercise?
Exercise stimulates release (increased blood lactate)
Longer duration exercise causes more GH to be made (fuel mobilisation)
Concentration peaks after exercise (tissue repair role)
Only binds to muscle cells that have been active
What is hyperplasia?
Increase in the number of muscle fibres via longitudinal fibre splitting
What is hypertrophy?
Muscular enlargement from an increase in Cross sectional area of existing fibres
Occurs in parallel
However some exercise stimulate hypertrophy in series (lengthening), doesn’t increase force but increase velocity
Difference between sarcoplasmic hypertrophy and myofibrillar hypertrophy?
Myofibrillar is when growth occurs from increased amount of myofibrils eg actin and myosin
Sarcoplasmic hypertrophy is when the sarcoplasm of the muscle increases (force doesn’t really increase, however cell swelling leads to more muscle cell growth
How does hypertrophy work?
Satellite cells activate ad migrate to site from muscle damage
Duplicated and replicated
Donation of nuclei
Myoblasts turn into myotubes
Why does hypertrophy occur?
Mechanical tension - most important
Metabolic stress
Muscle damage
Does metabolic stress lead to?
Increased fibre recruitment
Elevated hormones
Altered myosin production
Accumulation of reactive oxygen species
Cellular swelling - stimulates PI3K
What is myogeneis?
Creation of muscle
Replacement of old/damaged muscle diverse in tissue remodelling
Myoblasts fuse to form myotubules which mature into new fibres
What increases EMG (s a diagnostic procedure that evaluates the health condition of muscles and the nerve cells that control them)?
Motor unit firing frequency
Motor unit recruitment
Motor unit synchronisation
Process of strength increasing?
Strength initially increases due to EMG
Then muscles fibres increasing contribute, but then overall later they contribute far more
What does training do to the neuromuscular junction?
Increased area of neuromuscular junction
More dispersed synapses
Greater total length of nerve terminal branching
Increased end-plate perimeter
Greater dispersion of ACh receptors
Why does resistance training increase rate of force development?
Faster depolarisation of sarcolemma
Earlier and increased recruitment of fibres
Increased firing frequency
Enhanced muscle spindle activation
Why do post activation potentiation?
Increase motor neurone pool excitability
Better synchronisation
Increase ACh release
Greater central input to motor neurone
Increase in Ca2+ release from SR activates MLC kinase - so more ATP broken down
Todays EWMA value = ?
(Todays load x constant) + (1 - constant) x EWMA value of day before)
Origin, insertion, nerve and actions of the vastus lateralis?
Origin: Interochanteric line, linea aspera, gluteal tuberosity
Insertion: Tibial tuberosity
Nerve: Femoral nerve, L2-L4
Action is knee extension
The most lateral of the quadriceps
Nerve supply, Origin, insertion and movement of the Biceps femoris?
Nerve supply: short head = fibular branch of sciatic nerve (L5, S1)
Longhead = Tibial branch of the sciatic nerve (L5, S1)
Origin: Long head: hip: ischial tuberosity.
Short head: femur: linea aspera.
Insertion: Fibula head.
Movement: Flexes the knee and extends the hip.
It is the most lateral hamstring and arises from two heads.
Nerve supply, Origin, insertion and movement of the Gastrocnemius?
Nerve supply: S1-S2
Origin: Medial head:
Femur: medial condyle.
Lateral head:
Femur: lateral condyle.
Insertion: Calcaneus: posterior tubercle.
Movement: Flexes the knee and plantarflexes ankle.
Together with soleus it forms the bulk of the calf and the tendo calcaneus (Achilles tendon). It arises via two heads, which form the lower borders of the popliteal fossa.
Nerve supply, Origin, insertion and movement of the Gracilis?
Nerve supply: obturator nerve
Origin: Hip bone: pubis.
Insertion: Tibia.
Movement: Adducts the hip and flexes the knee.
A long, thin muscle on the medial side of the thigh.
Nerve supply, Origin, insertion and movement of the Rectus femoris?
Nerve supply: femoral nerve (L2-L4)
Origin: Straight head:
Hip bone: anterior inferior iliac spine.
Oblique head:
Hip bone: acetabulum.
Insertion: Tibial tuberosity via patellar tendon.
Movement: Extends the knee.
The most anterior of the quadriceps and arises from two tendinous heads
Nerve supply, Origin, insertion and movement of the Sartorius?
Nerve supply: femoral nerve (L2-L4)
Origin: Hip: anterior superior iliac spine.
Insertion: Tibia.
Movement: Flexes the hip and knee and rotates the femur.
The longest muscle in the body, it travels obliquely across the front of the thigh.
Nerve supply, Origin, insertion and movement of the Semimembranosus?
Nerve supply: Tibial part of sciatic nerve; (L5, S1 and S2)
Origin: Hip: ischial tuberosity.
Insertion: Tibia.
Movement: Flexes the knee and extends the hip.
It is the most medial hamstring and is often separated into two muscle bellies by a tendinous intersection.
Nerve supply, Origin, insertion and movement of the Semitendinosus?
Nerve supply: Sciatic (tibial, L5, S1, S2)
Origin: Hip: ischial tuberosity.
Insertion: Tibia
Movement: Flexes the knee and extends the hip.
It is the middle hamstring and becomes a long tendon.
Nerve supply, Origin, insertion and movement of the Vastus intermedius?
Nerve supply: Femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4)
Origin: Femur: shaft.
Insertion: Tibial tuberosity via patellar tendon.
Movement: Extends the knee
The deepest of the quadriceps.
Nerve supply, Origin, insertion and movement of the Vastus medialis?
Nerve supply: posterior division of the femoral nerve
Origin: Femur: linea aspera.
Insertion: Tibial tuberosity via patellar tendon.
Movement: Extends the knee.
The most medial of the quadriceps.
