Exercise physiology exam notes Flashcards
Lung anatomy?
Structurally:
Upper respiratory tract
Lower respiratory tract
Functionally:
Conduction Zone
Respiratory Zone
Whats in the upper respiratory tract?
Nose Nasal cavity Mouth Pharynx Larynx
What’s the Laryngeal prominence?
Adams apple
Not sex specific
Larger in males due to hormonal effects
What’s in the lower respiratory tract?
Trachea Lungs Bronchi Bronchioles (conducting, terminal, respiratory) Alveolar ducts Alveolar sacs Alveolus
What’s in the alveoli?
Type 1 cell: More numerous, enable gas exchange
Type 11 cell: Produce surfactant prevents lungs collapsing
Whats are the respiratory control centres in the brain?
Pons:
Apneustic area
Pneumotaxic area
Medulla Rhythmicity area:
Ventral and Dorsal group
Important nerves?
Phrenic Nerve (C3-C5 Root) Intercostal Nerve (T1-T11 Root) Vagus Nerve (X) Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)
receptors in our body?
Chemoreceptors
Mechanoreceptors
Stretch receptors
Irritant receptors - detects irritant gasses eg.
Peripheral proprioceptors - bring about change in muscles
Types of chemoreceptors?
Central
Peripheral:
Cartoid body
Aortic body
Muscles involved in breathing?
Accessory muscles
Diaphragm 75% (in the exam)
Intercostal muscles
Abdominal muscles
What is Boyle’s Law?
Pressure of a gas in a closed container inversely proportional to volume of container at a constant temperature
P1V1 = P2V2
Steps of Inhalation?
Diaphragm flattens
External intercostals Up and Out, causing elevation of ribs
Increase Volume
Decrease Pressure
Air rushes in
Steps at exhalation at rest?
Passive process
Elastic recoil
Decrease Volume
Increase pressure
Air forced out
Steps of exhalation during exercise?
Becomes an active process
Muscles used are the internal intercostals, external obliques, rectus abdomens, transverse abdominus
More features of the pons?
Apneustic area:
Prolonged and slow rate of breathing
Overridden by pneumotaxic
Features of the pneumotaxic area?
Inhibitory impulse, limits duration of breath in
Breathing becomes faster by limiting breathing in
More features of the medulla oblongata?
Rhythmicity area:
Controls basic rate of breathing
Dorsal respiratory group - mainly inspiratory , can also talk to the ventral, but ventral can’t talk back
Ventral respiratory group
How do the control centres of the brain talk to each other?(pneumotaxic area, apneustic area, Dorsal respiratory group, Ventral respiratory group, and central chemoreceptors)
Pneumotaxic controls inspiration to expiration (inhibition of inspiration), can talk to the DRG and VRG for this
Apneustic area causes inspiration, can talk to the DRG and the VRG for this
DRG can impact upon the VRG or down to the nerves responsible for breathing inspiration
VRG can tell nerves for inspiration and expiration nerves for breathing
DRG can also get information from central chemoreceptors
In blood in brain during strenuous exercise Oxygen goes down, CO2 and H+ go up
H+ can’t cross blood brain barrier, so chemoreceptors respond to CO2 which can cross
CO2 reacts with water to form H2CO3 which then forms HCO3(-) + H+
DRG also gets input from cranial nerves 9 and 10
Features of the peripheral chemoreceptors?
Due to Glomus cells, which have K+ going in and out of them
If oxygen is down 60mmHg, the potassium channels close, so potassium builds up in the cell, calcium channels open due to increased voltage so calcium rushes in
Exocytosis of vesicles from cell which are filled with dopamine, which increases breathing rate
What do central and peripheral chemoreceptors react to more?
Central - Co2
Peripheral - Oxygen
Make notes on all lung capacity terminology from previous flashcards
ok, it’s on ELE as well
What is the FVC manoeuvre?
Breath in and out and then a massive breath out until run out of breath
FVC is the amount of air produced
FEV1 is the amount of air exhaled at 1 second (roughly 80%)
Peak expiratory flow rate
What are flow volume loops?
THERE ARE 4 TYPES OF FLOW VOLUME LOOPS (in the exam)
On a graph have a positive flow (going out) and negative flow (going in)
Breath in and out, then a fast breath in, then breath out as fast as you can, then fast breath in
On graph looks like a triangle with a semi circle on the bottom
Volume on x axis (goes the opposite way), flow on y axis,
How do flow volume loops change if there is an obstruction by a pathological condition?
Triangle on top will slope down rather than straight down