Exercise physiology report notes Flashcards

Question

Central evidence?

Answer 1

General agreement that VO2 max for combined arm and leg work is the same Arm work alone elicits 65-75% of ‘leg work’ VO2 max Thus if limitation was peripheral, much higher VO2 max values would be expected for combined exercise That it does not is likely explained by limitations of central cardiovascular system

Answer 2

One legged training study VO2 increased in trained leg and not in the other due to mitochondrial volume and oxidative enzymes Problem is doesn't relate to the whole body

Answer 3

Tracks O2 availability but a greater effect is noted when delivery is reduced comported to when it is supplemented When O2 delivery is enhanced, unless there is an increase in the aerobic capacity of the muscles, the magnitude of the expected gin in VO2 max is not realised t is mainly the ability of the cardiorespiratory system to transport O2 to the muscles, not the ability of muscle mitochondria to consume O2, that limits VO2max .

Answer 4

The levelling off increasing VO2

Answer 5

Second increase after levelling off of vo2, sometimes difficult to distinguish and blends into the first one

Answer 6

Why normalise: Understand the sub-maximal thresholds Differing physiological responses The exercise intensity domains: Be able to explain demarcations (boundaries) Be able to explain (and identify) the physiological responses The oxygen uptake slow component

Answer 7

Attempting to ensure that the overall physiological demand experienced by the subjects is the same

Answer 8

The individuals physiological response to the external work

Answer 9

Studies designed to measure the physiological or perceptual impact of an intervention When designing training programmes

Answer 10

Metabolic, gas exchange and perceptual responses vary greatly at different intensities Intra and inter individual variability clouds real changes

Answer 11

Submaximal thresholds: Lactate or gas exchange threshold Critical power/velocity

Answer 12

The highest oxygen consumption or work rate in which less than 1.0Mm increase in blood lactate concentration above resting levels

Answer 13

Excess H+ causes Bicarbonate buffering resulting in non metabolic Co2 and an increase in VCo2, when plotted against VO2 the break point indicates the occurrence of the lactate threshold

Answer 14

do 4 or 5 tests to exhaustion allows you to find asymptote at the bottom which is the critical power Or you can do a 3 minute test and end power is the critical power

Answer 15

Doesn't take the lactate threshold into account

Answer 16

Elevated blood lactate, Per degradation, elevated body temperature, increased catecholamine circulation, increased ventilatory and CV work, and a greater recruitment of type 11 muscle

Answer 17

Moderate: All work rates that are bellow the lactate threshold, so blood lactate is not elevated VO2 increases at 10ml.min^-1.W^-1 (known as gain) So it's change in Vo2 in change in Watts Can continue for about 4 hours Fatigue related to muscle glycogen depletion, muscle damage, increased core temperature Heavy: Is above lactate threshold where a steady state of Vo2 will eventually be attained, upper boundary is critical power After 2-3 minutes Vo2 continues to increase via the slow component (higher if closer to critical power) Even if exercise is completed to exhaustion VO2 remains sub maximal 30-120 mins Fatigue due to metabolite accumulation and substrate availability Severe: Work rates above critical power where VO2 max is attained if exercise is continued to exhaustion It's the slow component that causes it to reach its max A steady state will never be reached It encompasses a wide range of Work rates for which VO2 max can be attained The boundary above will be the work rate in which exhaustion is reached before Vo2 max is 2-30 minutes Fatigue is related to PCr depletion and accumulation of fatiguing metabolites Extreme: Work rates so high that exhaustion ensues before VO2 max is attained Time to exhaustion is around 90 seconds Fatigue mechanisms same as extreme

Answer 18

Increase in VO2 above baseline / Work load

Answer 19

Stabilisation of trunk muscles uses more oxygen as work rate increases, but treadmill work discounts this Lactate can't be it as McArdles syndrome patients who can't produce lactate still show the slow component Also infusing lactate into blood made no difference into the slow component Cardiac/ventillatory work disproven by 91% of the slow component comes from the exercising musculature Catechomalines disproven as injected adrenaline didn't make a difference on slow component Muscle temperature disproven as increasing temperature had no effect on the slow component Additional motor unit recruitment: Type 11 muscle is less economic than type 1 Original hypothesis was that additional type 11 fibres were recruited to replace fatiguing fibres Proven correct

Answer 20

A method for defining exercise intensity which considers both the lactate threshold and the VO2 max First an incremental VO2 max test is completed enabling determination of power at VO2 max and power at lactate threshold (VO2 max power - Lactate threshold) x power desired% + power at lactate threshold Doesn't go into the lab report

Answer 21

Estimation of exercise intensity using oxygen uptake, heart rate and blood lactate data From these data (alone in combination) can we estimate the intensity domain that a bout of CWR exercise was conducted in? With no knowledge go boundaries (VO2 max, LT/GET, CP/MSS)

Answer 22

2 exercise intensities Collection of gas exchange, HR, Blood lactate 2nd bout was 15 mins or to exhaustion

Answer 23

(Average VO2 in last 30s in last 30s of exercise - Ave VO2 in last 30 secs of Baseline ) / (Workrate - 20W) Units are mL.min^-1.W^-1 Tells us every watt of exercise done at this intensity they used a value in mL of oxygen per minute A higher gain means individual is using more oxygen per unit change in workload -

Answer 24

End exercise VO2 - VO2 at 3 minutes

Answer 25

Moderate is bellow lactate threshold Heavy is above lactate threshold, but below maximum steady state Severe - above maximum steady state achieving VO2 Max Extreme - Exhaustion before VO2 max

Answer 26

Wilkerson et al 2004 ``` Moderate = 8-11 mL.min^-1.W^-1 Heavy = 9-12 mL.min^-1.W^-1 Severe = 8-14 mL.min^-1.W^-1 Extreme = smaller than 8 mL.min^-1.W^-1 ``` The overlap is due to the VO2 slow component and time to exhaustion So should only be used in combination with other measurements These values are broadly correct however significant inter-individual variation can occur in moderate and heavy values (ie. much higher values are seen in individuals with a greater % of type 2 muscle fibres Gain is determined by how the primary Vo2 increase and slow component Vo2 respond to power output Body tries to get a steady state using value of 10 Values are lower than 10 in moderate can be due to the person having very good exercise economy If low values are seen in heavy person has very small slow component, exercise is just above lactate threshold If low values seen in severe means subject has a high primary amplitude and low VO2 slow component truncated at VO2 Max, this coupled with the high power = low gain (very near the extreme domain) If Extreme gain will be lower the further you get into it

Answer 27

Moderate - individual has poor exercise economy Heavy - subject has large slow component (near the severe boundary) Severe - subject has a very large slow component that has resulted in the attainment of VO2 max (exercise near the heavy boundary) Extreme - the closer to the severe boundary it is

Answer 28

An estimate of the magnitude of the VO2 slow component Is only evident above the lactate threshold Magnitude of the slow component increases through the heavy domain Large slow components are generally noted just into the sever domain - reach VO2 max the slowest

Answer 29

The response is dominated by the primary increase in VO2 The response has a ceiling of VO2 max Exercise duration is short Has to be built in

Answer 30

(Ave Vo2 in last 30s of exercise - Ave VO2 from 170-190s) (think that is from baseline)

Answer 31

Calculate the EE-3 as a percentage increase in VO2 Increase in VO2 = Vo2 at end of exercise - baseline Vo2 (EE-3 / increase in VO2) x 100 Smaller than 5% is inconclusive 5-15% = heavy 0-30% = severe Also look if it's levelled off or has it levelled off

Answer 32

Present a clear table of key data Good figures showing the VO2 responses, adding VO2 and HR data to the same figure is very effective on a different axis Will have 6 figures for each data Rest of data in a table

Answer 33

Intro - 300-400 Methods - 300 words max, does not count to the word limit Results/Discussion/Conculsion 600-700 words So 1000 words max Word count includes - all text, headings and subheadings, references within the text, Table and figure descriptions, Not included - Methods, words in tables that contain data, words in figures (axes), reference section, Title and title page, equations

Answer 34

Intro: Why normalise (must detail when and why accounting for exercise intensity is important) Description of the domains and the physiological responses in each of them Define the lactate threshold and critical power Define VO2 gain and slow component Aim - is it possible to determine exercise intensity without VO2 max and sub-maximal thresholds Methods: Details of the timings and durations of the bouts What measurement were taken and when What equipment was used (including manufacturers info) Equations correctly included Subject info not required No stats required Results and discussion: Combine these for this report In the first few sentences have a short summary of main findings and link back to aim Include figures and tables Estimation of the domains of your chosen bouts with reasoning Do this for B1-B6 each having their own figure Make sure to go through each variable everytime Concise conclusion - has to decisive

Answer 35

Size 12 font Arial Double lined spaced throughout Section headings Harvard system for referencing

Answer 36

Do all the background reading Need to be able to describe the physiological responses in the different domains Analyse the dat calculations and classify the bouts Create figures and tables that display the data

Answer 37

Is a steady state reached Is there a slow component Blood lactate level What is the value at the end of exercise Heart rate: Steady state reached Does it increase after 3 mins End exercise HR (calculate as a % of estimated max (220 minus age) Time to exhaustion if under 15 minutes indicates that it must be above the critical power