Bio references Flashcards
Review on antimicrobial resistance, 2014?
New approaches, 10 million 2050
Nue, 1992?
Decades antibiotics overuse
Gentic material, Chromosomal adaptation, R plasmid
Anti virulence, low selection pressure
Davies, 2010?
Understanding, global solution x 2
Antibiotics overuse, mechanisms form, combat
Dennis, 2014?
Manipulates, immune, conc grad, mineral desire
Chelating complex, ferric iron, cedifercol
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, bacterium, nosomical, multi-drug, resistant, uptake, transporter
Dreschel, 1997?
Siderophores, forage, minerals-iron, depleted, immune response
Mollman, 2009?
Trojan horse, antibacterial traits, cell death
Portsmouth, 2018?
Effective, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 73%, 252, urinary tract
Poole, 2011?
Resistance, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, chemotherapy
Resistance, multifactorial, chromosomal mutations, horizontal gene transfer
Multi-drug efflux, membrane permeability, targets
Chen, 2004?
Transformation = , transfer of DNA, extracellular milieu, into cytoplasm
DNA translocate complex, at cytoplasmic membrane, helps
Genetic transformation, spreads resistance
Ge, 2012?
SDHA gene, codes 1 subunit, succinate dehydrogenase, enzyme
Legionella pnuemophila, DNA, into macrophage cytosol, exaggerated, by absence, SDHA
Alsina, 1994?
Vibrios, gram negative, motile, rod, Na+ growth
Positive oxidase test, growth on TCBS medium = facultative anaerobes
Oliver, 2013?
Distribution, environmental, temperature, salt, pH, nutrients, plankton
Vezzulli, 2016?
Climate change, 0.85C, plankton distribution, vibrio distribution, North Atlantic/Sea, + vibrio infections
Vibrio cholerae, cholera, 100,000-120,000
Cohen 2013?
Vibrio coralliiyticus, tissue lysis, photo inactivation, coral
Bacteriophage therapy, vibrio coralliiyticus, isolated, GBR
Lytic, phage, rapid replication, high burst, high affinity, prevented, photo inactivation, tissue lysis
Kaper, 1995?
Infection, contaminated, food/water, acid barrier, epithelium, small intestine, enterotoxin, disrupts, ion transport, epithelial cells, diarrhoea, death
Long, 2005?
Interspecies interactions, vibrio cholerae, bacteria less inhibitory, higher temps, more abundance of vibrio cholerae
De Rochars, 2011?
2010, cholera outbreak, Haiti, Port au Prince, earthquake, 3 months
Behavioural changes, cholera messaging, infrastructure changes
30.3 to 73.9%, water treatment
Kimes, 2012?
Vibrio corralliiyticus, global distribution, temp dependent, pathogenicity, corals
Toxins (hemolysins), pathogenicity, temp affected, VC450 genome, control, virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance, temp increase
Lederberg, 2001?
Human gut microbiome =, genomes, indigenous microbiota, gut
Zhu, 2010?
Via, human microbiome project, 1000 bacterial species, firmicutes, bacteriodites, shared core
Low resolution surveys to NGS sequencing + advanced bioinformatics
Hay, 1992?
IBD + Chrons = $1.8-$2.6 billion
Wolf, 1994?
Obesity, association, $68.8 billion
Morgan, 2012?
Chrons, GI tract, immune disorder
Genome studies, found churns, affects loci, innate + adaptive response, affected commensal bacteria
Facaelibacterium reduced, metabolize, polysaccharides, N-acetyl glucosamine, anti-inflammatory
Borody, 2012?
Paratuberculosis = chrons
Reversal achieved, anti paratuberculosis, proves involvement + potential
Khan, 2016?
Obesity, dietary, lifestyle, host genetics, doesn’t explain worldwide, excess energy in obese, therapeutic manipulation, energy storage
If escape gut digestion, colon digestion, microbiota, produce short chain fatty acids, correlate fat accumulation
SCFA fecal, obesity associated
Zhang, 2015?
Metaformin, berberine, diabetes treatment, modulate, microbiota, rats, SCFA bacteria increase, disagree
Johnson, 1991?
Virulence factors = ,Properties, products, structures, overcome, host defences, colonise or invade
Lenski, 1998?
Economic cost of antibiotics
Miller, 2001?
Quorum sensing, control, gene expression, fluctuations, cell population density, cause disease
Rasko, 2010?
Regulated, AHL’s, gene expression, virulence factors, biofilm formation
Interferring agents, agonis, inhibitors, AHL’s, Enzymes or antibodies
Prevent signal, prevent disease
Dong, 2005?
Quorum quenching, AHL degradtion enzymes, from bacteria, disable AHL
Lin, 2003?
Ralstonia SP, bacterium, gene cloned, for AHL deactivation, effective, in Escherichia Coli
Simoes, 2010?
Biofilms, extracellular, matrix, community, free swimming to surface attached, resistant phenotype, difficult to eradicate, foodbourne pathogen
Transport, planktonic cells, liquid to surface, adsorption of cells at surface, cell-cell signalling molecules produced, transport within biofilm
Substrate metabolism, cell growth, replication, EPS production
Lee, 2014?
Staphylococcus aureus, human pathogen, a toxin, haemolytic
Biofilm, aids virulence
Cis nerolidol, oil, plants, flowers, inhibited formation, then, haemolytic activity, then a-toxin gene hla
Hence anti virulent
Moran, 2012?
Candida, bloodstream, 1 month extra, £45,000
Pfaller, 2012?
Antifungal resistance, mechanisms caused by, elevated MIC, poor clinical trial, breakthrough infections, immunocompromised
Gupta, 2000?
Fusarium species, air, soil, ingestion, mycotoxosis, affects immunocompromised, potential, lesions, nondules
Brown, 2003?
Azole, antifungals, inhibiting, cytochrome P450 dependent enzyme lanosterol 4 alpha demethylase, lanosterol to ergosterol, in cell membrane, cell death
Also:
Enchinocandins, fungal secondary metabolites, antifunga activity,
Target protein complex, synthesis of cell wall, enzyme 1,3 - B glucan synthase,
Still obscure
Lupetti, 2002?
Resistance in fusarium, drug efflux, altered sterol synthesis, decreased azalea affinity
Becher, 2010?
Proven fusarium grami nearum, azole + multidrug resistant
Hoga, 2004?
Candida albicans, opportunistic pathogen, member, human microflora
Calderone, 2001?
Candidiasis, skin, GI tract, vagina, infection
Host recognition biomolecules (adhesins), transition, yeast, filamentous, so adaptable
Niimi, 2016?
Found that, enchinocandins, poor substrates for, multi drug efflux, in c.albicans and s. cerevisiae, did’t form resistance
Strength
Douglas, 2001?
Clinically relevant if courses resistance, not strong enough
Wagner, 2011?
Implant infection, biofilm related, staphylococci species
65% infection biofilm related
60% health care acquired infections are biofilm related
mah, 2001?
$2 billion, biofilms
glycocalyx, prevents, antibiotic, entrance, difficult to control
De beer, 1994?
chlorine, disinfectant, >20% conc, p.aeruginosa biofilm, measured, microelctrode
Support defence
Suci, 1994?
Infrared spectroscopy, antibiotic ciproflaxin, rate to surface, Pseudomonas aeruginosa < sterile surface
Graham, 2013?
reduced, biodiversity, extinction, ecosystems, human value