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ESA 2- Musculoskeletal System > Vertebral Column > Flashcards

Vertebral Column Flashcards

1
Q

What is the vertebral column also known as?

A

The backbone, or spine

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2
Q

What is the vertebral column made up of?

A

Approx. 33 small bones, called vertebrae

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3
Q

Where does the vertebral column run?

A

From the cranium to the apex of the coccyx, on the posterior aspect of the body

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4
Q

What does the vertebral column do?

A

Contains and protects the spinal cord

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5
Q

What are the most important functions of the vertebral column?

A

Protection Support AxisMovement

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6
Q

What is the vertebral columns protective role?

A

Encloses spinal cord, shielding it from damage

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7
Q

What is the vertebral columns support role?

A

It carries the weight of the body above the pelvis

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8
Q

How does the vertebral column act as an axis?

A

It forms the central axis of the body

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9
Q

What is the vertebral columns movement role?

A

It has roles both in posture and movement

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10
Q

What can the vertebral column be separated into?

A

Five different regions- cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum and the coccyx

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11
Q

What is each region of the spinal cord characterised by?

A

A different vertebral structure

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12
Q

What do all vertebrae have?

A

The same basic structure, but significant differences in size and shape between groups

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13
Q

What does each vertebrae consist of?

A

Vertebral bodyPosterior vertebral arch

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14
Q

What is the vertebral body?

A

The anterior part of the vertebrae

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15
Q

What is the purpose of the vertebral body?

A

It is the weight bearing component

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16
Q

What happens to the vertebral body as the vertebral column descends?

A

The size increases

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17
Q

Why does the size of the vertebral body increase as the vertebral column descends?

A

Because it has to support increasing amounts of weight each time

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18
Q

What the superior and inferior aspects of the vertebral body lined by?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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19
Q

What are adjacent vertebral bodies separated by?

A

A fibrocartilaginous intervertebral disc

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20
Q

What do the intervertebral discs act to do?

A

Permit flexibility of the spineAct as a shock absorbers

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21
Q

What shape are the intervertebral discs in the lumbar and thoracic regions?

A

Wedge shaped

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22
Q

What does the wedge shape of the intervertebral discs allow?

A

Support for curvature of the spine

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23
Q

What are the two main regions of the vertebral disc?

A

Nucleus pulposus Annulus fibrosis

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24
Q

What is the nature of the annulus fibrosis?

A

Tough and collagenous

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25
Q

What does the annulus fibrosis surround?

A

The nucleus pulposus

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26
Q

What is the nature of the nucleus pulposus?

A

Jelly-like

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27
Q

Where is the nucleus pulposus located?

A

Posteriorly

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28
Q

What happens in herniation of the intervertebral disc?

A

The nucleus pulposus ruptures, breaking through the annulus fibrosis

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29
Q

In what direction does herniation of the intervertebral disc most commonly occur?

A

In a posterior and lateral direction

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30
Q

What is the result of the posterior and lateral herniation of the intervertebral discs?

A

It puts pressure on the spinal cord, resulting in a variety of neurological and muscular symptoms

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31
Q

What does the vertebral arch refer to?

A

The lateral and posterior parts of the vertebrae

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32
Q

What does the vertebral arch from with the vertebral body?

A

An enclosed hole, called a vertebral foramen

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33
Q

What do the foramina of all vertebrae do?

A

Line up to form the vertebral canal

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34
Q

What does the vertebral canal do?

A

Encloses the spinal cord

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35
Q

What do the vertebral arches have?

A

A number of bony prominences

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36
Q

What do the bony prominences of the vertebral arches act as?

A

Attachment sites for muscles and ligaments

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37
Q

What are the bony prominences of the vertebral arch?

A

Pedicles Lamina Transverse processesArticular processes Spinous processes

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38
Q

How many pedicles are there per vertebral arch?

A

Two, one left and one right

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39
Q

Where to the pedicles point?

A

Posteriorly

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40
Q

What do the pedicles meet?

A

The flatter laminae

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41
Q

What is the lamina?

A

The bone between the transverse and spinal processes

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42
Q

Where do the transverse processes extend?

A

Laterally and posteriorly away from the pedicles

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43
Q

What do the transverse processes do in the thoracic vertebrae?

A

Articulate with the ribs

44
Q

What are the kinds of articular processes?

A

Superior and inferior

45
Q

Where do the articular processes arise?

A

At the junction of the lamina and the pedicles

46
Q

What do the articular processes articulate with?

A

The vertebrae above and below

47
Q

What are the spinous processes?

A

Posterior and inferior projections of bones

48
Q

What are the spinous processes a site for?

A

Attachment for muscles and ligaments

49
Q

Draw a diagram showing the bony prominences of vertebrae

A

No

50
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there in the human body?

A

7

51
Q

What are the main distinguishing features of cervical vertebrae?

A

The spinous process bifurcates into two parts
Two transverse foramina, one in each transverse process
The vertebral foramen is triangular in shape

52
Q

What is the spinous process in cervical vertebrae known as?

A

A bifid spinous process

53
Q

What do the transverse foramina in cervical vertebrae do?

A

Conduct the vertebral arteries

54
Q

Which cervical vertebrae are unique?

A

C1 and C2

55
Q

What is the C1 vertebrae called?

A

Atlas

56
Q

What is the C2 vertebrae called?

A

Axis

57
Q

What are the C1 and C2 vertebrae specialised to do?

A

Allow movement of the head

58
Q

How does the C7 cervical vertebrae differ from the others?

A

It has a much longer spinous process, which does not bifurcate

59
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12

60
Q

What size are the thoracic vertebrae?

A

Medium sized, increasing as they move down the back

61
Q

What is the main function of the thoracic vertebrae?

A

To articulate with the ribs, producing the bony thorax

62
Q

What does each thoracic vertebrae have?

A

Two ‘demi facets’ on each side of its vertebral body

63
Q

What do the demi facets of the thoracic vertebrae articulate with?

A

The head of the respective rib, and the rib inferior to it

64
Q

What is found on the transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae?

A

A costal facet for articulation with its respective rib

65
Q

How are the spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae orientated?

A

Slanted inferiorly and anteriorly

66
Q

What is the result of the slanting of the spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae?

A

It offers increased protection to the spinal cord

67
Q

How does the vertebral foramen of the thoracic vertebrae differ from the cervical?

A

Circular

68
Q

Which are the largest of the vertebrae?

A

The lumbar

69
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

A

5

70
Q

What do the lumbar vertebrae act to do?

A

Support the weight of the upper body

71
Q

What specialisations do lumbar vertebrae have to allow them to support the weight of the upper body?

A

Very large vertebral bodies

72
Q

What shape are the vertebral bodies of lumbar vertebrae?

A

Kidney shaped

73
Q

What characteristics of vertebrae do lumbar vertebrae lack?

A

No foramen transversarium, costal facets, or bifid spinous processes

74
Q

What shape is the vertebral foramen of the lumbar vertebrae?

A

Triangular

75
Q

What is the sacrum?

A

A collection of five fused vertebrae

76
Q

What is the sacrum described as?

A

An upside down triangle, with the apex pointing inferiorly

77
Q

What is found in the lateral walls of the sacrum?

A

Facets for articulation with the pelvis

78
Q

Where does the sacrum articulate with the pelvis?

A

At sacro-iliac joints

79
Q

What is the coccyx?

A

A small bone

80
Q

What does the coccyx articulate with?

A

The apex of the sacrum

81
Q

How is the coccyx recognised?

A

By its lack of vertebral arches

82
Q

What is the result of the lack of vertebral arches in the coccyx?

A

It has no vertebral canal, and so the coccyx doesn’t transmit the spinal cord

83
Q

How many articulations are there for each vertebrae?

A

5

84
Q

What do the vertebral bodies articulate with?

A

Indirectly, with each other

Articular processes also form joint

85
Q

What kind of joints are the vertebral body joints?

A

Cartilaginous joints

86
Q

What are the vertebral body joints designed to do?

A

Weight bearing

87
Q

How are the vertebral bodies connected?

A

By a fibrocartilage intervertebral disc

88
Q

What ligaments strengthen the vertebral bodies?

A

Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments

89
Q

Is the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligament thicker?

A

The anterior

90
Q

What do the anterior longitudinal ligament do?

A

Prevents hyperextension of the vertebral column

91
Q

What does the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Prevents hyperflexion

92
Q

What are the joints between the articular facets called?

A

Facet joints

93
Q

What do the facet joints allow?

A

Some gliding motion

94
Q

What ligaments strengthen the facet joints?

A

Ligamentum Flavum
Interspinous and Supraspinous ligaments
Intertransverse ligaments

95
Q

Where does ligamentum flavum extend?

A

From lamina to lamina

96
Q

What do interspinous and supraspinous ligament join?

A

The spinous processes

97
Q

How do the interspinous and supraspinous ligaments joint the spinous processes?

A

The interspinous ligaments attach between processes

The supraspinous ligaments attach to the tips

98
Q

Where do the intertransverse ligaments extend?

A

Between the transverse processes

99
Q

What clinical syndromes result from abnormal curvature of the spine?

A

Kyphosis
Lordosis
Scoliosis
Cervical Spondylosis

100
Q

What is kyphosis?

A

Excessive thoracic curvature, causing a humpback deformity

101
Q

What is lordosis?

A

Excessive lumbar curvature, causing a swayback deformity

102
Q

What is scoliosis?

A

A lateral curvature of the spine, usually of unknown cause

103
Q

What is cervical spondylosis?

A

A decrease in size of the intervertebral foramina, usually due to degeneration of the joints of the spine

104
Q

What does cervical spondylosis cause?

A

Pain

105
Q

Why does cervical spondylosis cause pain?

A

Because the smaller size of the intervertebral foramina puts pressure on the exiting nerves

ESA 2- Musculoskeletal System (69 decks)

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