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ESA 2- Musculoskeletal System > Elbow Joint > Flashcards

Elbow Joint Flashcards

1
Q

What is the elbow?

A

The joint connecting the proper arm to the forearm

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2
Q

How is the elbow marked on the upper limb?

A

By the medial and lateral epicondyles, and the olecranon process

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3
Q

Structurally, what is the elbow classed as?

A

A synovial joint

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4
Q

Functionally, what is the elbow classed as?

A

A hinge joint

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5
Q

What does the elbow consist of?

A

The articulation of the trochlea notch of the ulna and trochlea of the humerus
The articulation of the head of the radius and the capitulum of the humerus

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6
Q

What does the orientation of the bones forming the elbow joint produce?

A

A hinge type synovial joint

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7
Q

What does the elbow joint allow for?

A

Extension and flexion of the forearm

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8
Q

What produces extension at the elbow joint?

A

Triceps brachii and anconeus

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9
Q

What produces flexion at the elbow joint?

A

Brachialis, biceps brachii, brachioradialis

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10
Q

Do pronation and supination occur at the elbow?

A

No, they are produced at the nearby radioulnar joints

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11
Q

What does the elbow joint have?

A

A capsule enclosing the joint

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12
Q

How can the capsule of the elbow joint be described?

A

Strong and fibrous

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13
Q

What does the joint capsule do in itself?

A

Strengthens the joint

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14
Q

Where is the joint capsule of the elbow thickened?

A

Medially and laterally

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15
Q

What is formed when the joint capsule of the elbow thickens medially and laterally?

A

Collateral ligaments

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16
Q

What is the purpose of the collateral ligaments of the elbow joint?

A

They stabilise the flexing and extending motion of the arm

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17
Q

Where is the radial collateral ligament found?

A

On the lateral side of the elbow joint, extending from the lateral epicondyle, and blending with the anular ligament of the radius

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18
Q

What is the anular ligament of the radius?

A

A ligament from the proximal radioulnar joint

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19
Q

Where does the ulnar collateral ligament originate from?

A

The medial epicondyle

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20
Q

Where does the ulnar collateral ligament attach to?

A

The coronoid process and olecranon of the ulna

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21
Q

What do bursae prevent?

A

Degenerative damage

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22
Q

What are the clinically important bursae of the elbow joint?

A

Intratendinosus
Subtendinosus
Subcutaneous

23
Q

Where is the intratendinosus bursae formed?

A

Within the tendon of the triceps brachii

24
Q

Where is the subtendinosus bursae found?

A

Between the olecranon and the tendon of the triceps brachii

25
Q

What is the purpose of the subtendinosus bursae?

A

Reduce friction between the two structures during extension and flexion of the arm

26
Q

Where is the subcutaneous bursa found?

A

Between the olecranon and the overlying connective tissue

27
Q

Why are bursae clinically important?

A

They can become irritated and inflamed, producing pain

28
Q

What is subcutaneous bursitis?

A

Inflammation of the subcutaneous bursa

29
Q

What can cause the bursa to become inflamed?

A

Repeated friction and pressure on the bursa

30
Q

What can happen to the subcutaneous bursa?

A

It can become infected, which would cause inflammation

31
Q

Why can the subcutaneous bursa get infected?

A

Because the bursa lies relatively superficially

32
Q

What causes subtendinosus bursitis?

A

Repeated flexion and extension of the forearm

33
Q

What usually happens in subtendinosus bursitis?

A

Usually, flexion is more painful as more pressure is put on the bursa

34
Q

When does an elbow dislocation usually occur?

A

When a young child falls on a hand with the elbow flexed

35
Q

What happens in an elbow dislocation?

A

The distal end of the humerus is driven through the weakest part of the joint capsule

36
Q

What is the weakest part of the joint capsule of the elbow joint?

A

The anterior side

37
Q

What usually happens in an elbow dislocation?

A

The ulnar collateral ligament is usually torn, and their can also be ulnar nerve involvement

38
Q

In what direction are most elbow dislocations?

A

Posterior

39
Q

How are elbow dislocations named?

A

By the position of the ulna and radius, not humerus

40
Q

What do most of the flexor and extensor muscles in forearm have?

A

A common tendinous origin

41
Q

Where do the flexor muscles originate from?

A

The medial epicondyle

42
Q

Where do the extensor muscles originate from?

A

The lateral epicondyle

43
Q

What can sportspeople develop?

A

An overuse strain of the common tendon of the flexor and extensor muscles

44
Q

What does an overuse strain of the common tendon result in?

A

Pain and inflammation around the area of the affected epicondyle

45
Q

What is overuse strain of the common tendon called?

A

Epicondylitis (Tennis elbow, or Golfer’s Elbow)

46
Q

How does a supraepicondylar fracture occur?

A

By falling on a flexed elbow

47
Q

What kind of fracture is a supraepicondylar fracture?

A

A transverse fracture

48
Q

Where does asupraepicondylar fracture span?

A

Between the two epicondyles

49
Q

What can asupraepicondylar fracture cause?

A

Interference to the blood supply of the forearm via the brachial artery
Damage to the medial, ulnar or radial nerves

50
Q

Why can asupraepicondylar fracture lead to interference to the brachial artery?

A

Due to direct damage, or swelling

51
Q

What can the resulting ischaemia from disruption to the blood supply caused by asupraepicondylar fracture lead to?

A

Volkmann’s ischaemic contracture

52
Q

What happens in a Volkmann’s ischaemic contracture?

A

Uncontrolled flexion of the hand

53
Q

What causes Volkmann’s ischaemic contracture?

A

The flexor muscles become fibrotic and short

ESA 2- Musculoskeletal System (69 decks)

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