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ESA 2- Musculoskeletal System > Arteries of the Upper Limb > Flashcards

Arteries of the Upper Limb Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the arterial supply to the upper limb begin?

A

In the chest, as the subclavian artery

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2
Q

Where does the right subclavian artery arise from?

A

The brachiocephalic trunk

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3
Q

Where does the left subclavian artery arise from?

A

Branches directly off the arch of the aorta

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4
Q

When do the subclavian arteries enter the axilla?

A

When they cross the lateral edge of the 1st rib

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5
Q

What are the subclavian arteries called when they enter the axilla?

A

The axillary arteries

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6
Q

Where does the axillary artery pass?

A

Through the axilla, just underneath the pectoralis minor muscle

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7
Q

What is the axillary artery enclosed in?

A

The axillary sheath

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8
Q

What arises from the axillary arteries?

A

The posterior and anterior circumflex humeral arteries

Subscapular artery

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9
Q

Where do the posterior and anterior circumflex humeral arteries, and the subscapular artery arise?

A

At the level of the humeral surgical neck

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10
Q

What do the posterior and anterior circumflex humeral arteries do?

A

Circle posteriorly around the humerus to supply the shoulder region

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11
Q

What does the axillary artery become?

A

The brachial artery

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12
Q

Where does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?

A

At the level of the teres major muscle

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13
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

A dilation of a blood vessel to more than twice its original size

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14
Q

How common are axillary artery aneurysm?

A

Rare

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15
Q

What can axillary artery aneurysms occur as a result of?

A

Atherosclerosis
Thoracic outlet syndrome
Trauma

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16
Q

What can happen with axillary artery aneurysms?

A

The dilated portion of the axillary artery can compress the brachial plexus

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17
Q

What is the result of the compression of the brachial plexus by an aneurysm?

A

Produces neurological symptoms such as paresthesia and muscle weakness

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18
Q

What is the definitive treatment for an axillary artery aneurysm?

A

Surgical- involves removing the aneurysm and reconstructing the vessel wall using a graft

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19
Q

When does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?

A

When it reaches the lower border of the teres major

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20
Q

Why is the brachial artery important?

A

It is the main source of blood for the arm

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21
Q

What does the brachial artery give rise to?

A

The profunda brachii

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22
Q

Where does the brachial artery give rise to the profunda brachii?

A

Immediately distal to the teres major

23
Q

What is the profunda brachii?

A

The deep artery of the arm

24
Q

Where does the profunda brachii travel?

A

Along the posterior surface of the humerus, running in the radial groove

25
Q

What does the profunda brachii supply?

A

Structures in the posterior aspect of the arm

26
Q

How does the profunda brachii terminate?

A

By contributing to a network of vessels

27
Q

Where does the brachial artery descend down the arm?

A

Immediately posterior to the median nerve

28
Q

Where does the brachial artery terminate?

A

As it crosses the cubital fossa, underneath the brachialis muscle

29
Q

How does the brachial artery terminate?

A

By bifurcating into the radial and ulnar arteries

30
Q

What protects the arm from temporary or partial occlusion of the brachial artery?

A

The arm has a relatively god anastomotic supply

31
Q

What happens if the artery is completely blocked, or severed?

A

It is a medical emergency

32
Q

Why is blockage or severance of the brachial artery a medical emergency?

A

The resulting ischaemia of the forearm can cause necrosis and paralysis of the muscles in the forearm

33
Q

What happens when there is necrosis and paralysis of forearm muscles?

A

The affected muscles are replaced to some degree by scar tissue, and shorten considerably, causing a characteristic flexion deformity called Volkmann’s contracture

34
Q

What does the radial artery supply?

A

The posterior aspect of the forearm

35
Q

Where does the ulnar artery supply?

A

The anterior aspect of the forearm

36
Q

What happens to the radial and ulnar arteries?

A

They anastomose in the hand, by forming two arches, the superficial palmar arch and the deep palmar arch

37
Q

Why does the hand have a very good blood supply?

A

Because it has many anastomosing arteries

38
Q

What does the good blood supply of the hand allow?

A

For the hand to be perfused when grasping, or applying pressure

39
Q

What is true of a good majority of the arteries in the hand?

A

They are superficial

40
Q

What does a lot of the arteries in the hand being superficial allow for?

A

Heat loss when needed

41
Q

What happens to the ulnar and radial arteries in the hand?

A

They interconnect to form two arches, from which branches to the digits emerge

42
Q

What does the radial artery supply in the hand?

A

Contributes mainly to supply of the thumb and the lateral side of the index finger

43
Q

What does the ulnar artery supply in the hand/

A

Contributes mainly to the supply of the rest of the digits (not the thumb) and the medial side of the index finger

44
Q

How does the ulnar artery move into the hand?

A

Anteriorly to the flexor retinaculum, and laterally to the ulnar nerve

45
Q

What happens to the ulnar artery in the hand?

A

It divides into two branches, the superficial palmar arch, and the deep palmar branch

46
Q

What arises form the superficial palmar arch?

A

The common palmar digital arteries

47
Q

What do the common palmar digital arteries supply?

A

The digits

48
Q

What does the superficial palmar arch anastomose with?

A

A branch of the radial artery

49
Q

Where is the superficial palmar arch found?

A

Anteriorly to the flexor tendons in the hand, but just deep to the palmar aponeurosis

50
Q

How does the radial artery enter the hand?

A

Dorsally, crossing the floor of the anatomical snuffbox

51
Q

What happens to the radial artery once in the hand?

A

It turns medially and moves between the heads of the adductor pollicis

52
Q

What forms the deep palmar arch?

A

The radial artery anastomosing with the deep palmar branch of the ulnar artery

53
Q

What does the deep palmar arch give rise to?

A

Five arteries supplying the digits

ESA 2- Musculoskeletal System (69 decks)

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