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ESA 2- Musculoskeletal System > Knee > Flashcards

Knee Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of joint is the knee?

A

Bicondylar type synovial joint

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2
Q

What does the knee joint allow for?

A

Mainly flexion and extension

Small degree of medial and lateral rotation

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3
Q

What is the knee joint formed by?

A

Articulations between the patella, femur and tibia

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4
Q

What does the shape of the knee joint mean?

A

It’s relatively weak, and so relies on muscle and ligaments to ensure stability

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5
Q

What does the knee joint consist of?

A

Two articulations, tibiofemoral and patellofemoral

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6
Q

What is involved in the tibiofemoral articulation?

A

The medial and lateral condyles of the femur articulating with tibia

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7
Q

What is involved in the patellofemoral articulation?

A

The anterior and distal part of the femur articulating with the patella

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8
Q

What is the weight-bearing joint of the knee?

A

The tibiofemoral joint

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9
Q

What does the patellofemoral joint allow?

A

The tendon of the quadriceps femoris (the main extensor of the knee) to be inserted directly over the knee, increasing the efficiency of the muscle

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10
Q

What are both joint surfaces of the knee lined with?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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11
Q

What are the joint surfaces of the knee enclosed within?

A

A single joint cavity

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12
Q

Where is the patella formed?

A

Within the tendon of the quadriceps femoris

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13
Q

What is the result of the presence of the patella?

A

It minimises wear and tear on the tendon

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14
Q

What are the medial and lateral menisci?

A

Fibrocartilage structures in the knee

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15
Q

What is the function of the medial and lateral menisci?

A

To deepen the articular surfaces of the tibia, thus increasing the stability of the joint
To act as shock absorbers

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16
Q

What shape are the menisci?

A

C shaped

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17
Q

Where are the menisci attached?

A

At both ends of the intercondylar area of the tibia

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18
Q

What is the medial meniscus attached to?

A

The tibial collateral ligament and joint capsule

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19
Q

What does any damage to the tibial collateral ligament result in?

A

Tearing of the medial meniscus

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20
Q

Why is the lateral meniscus fairly mobile?

A

Because its smaller and does not have any extra attachments

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21
Q

What is a bursa?

A

A synovial fluid filled sac

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22
Q

Where are bursa found?

A

Between moving structures in a joint

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23
Q

What is the aim of bursa?

A

To reduce wear and tear on moving structures

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24
Q

What bursa are found in the knee joint?

A

Suprapatella bursa
Prepatella bursa
Infrapatella bursa
Semimembranosus bursa

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25
Q

What is the suprapatella bursa?

A

An extension of the synovial cavity of the knee

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26
Q

Where is the prepatella bursa found?

A

Between the apex of the patella and the skin

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27
Q

What is the infrapatella bursa split into?

A

Deep and superficial

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28
Q

Where does the deep infrapatella bursa lie?

A

Between the tibia and patella ligament

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29
Q

Where does the superficial infrapatella bursa lie?

A

Between the patella ligament and the skin

30
Q

Where is the semimembranosus bursa located?

A

Posteriorly in the knee joint, between the semimembranosus muscle and the medial head of the gastrocnemius

31
Q

What are the major ligaments in the knee joint?

A

Patellar ligament
Collateral ligaments
Cruciate ligaments

32
Q

What is the patellar ligament?

A

A continuation of the quadriceps femoris tendon distal to the patella

33
Q

What does the patellar ligament attach to?

A

The tibial tuberosity

34
Q

What are the collateral ligaments?

A

Two strap-like ligaments, the tibial (medial) collateral ligament and the fibular (lateral) collateral ligament

35
Q

What do the collateral ligaments act to do?

A

Stabilise the hinge motion of the knee, preventing any medial or lateral movement

36
Q

What shape is the tibial collateral ligament?

A

Wide and flat

37
Q

Where is the tibial collateral ligament found?

A

On the medial side of the joint

38
Q

Where does the tibial collateral ligament attach to proximally?

A

The medial epicondyle of the femur

39
Q

Where does the tibial collateral ligament attach to distally?

A

The medial surface of the tibia

40
Q

How does the fibular collateral ligament differ from the tibial?

A

It is thinner and rounder

41
Q

Where does the fibular collateral ligament attach to proximally?

A

The lateral epicondyle of the femur

42
Q

Where does the fibular collateral ligament attach distally?

A

To a depression on the lateral surface of the fibular head

43
Q

What do the cruciate ligaments do?

A

Connect the femur and the tibia, and in doing so cross each other

44
Q

What are the cruciate ligaments?

A

Anterior cruciate ligament

Posterior cruciate ligament

45
Q

What course does the anterior cruciate ligament take?

A

Attaches at the anterior intercondylar region of the tibia and ascends posteriorly to attach to the femur, in the intercondylar fossa

46
Q

What does the anterior cruciate ligament do?

A

Prevents anterior dislocation of the tibia onto the femur

47
Q

What course does the posterior cruciate ligament take?

A

Attaches at the posterior intercondylar region of the tibia, and ascends anteriorly to attach to the femur in the intercondylar fossa

48
Q

What does the posterior cruciate ligament do?

A

Prevents posterior dislocation of the tibia onto the femur

49
Q

What are the main movements that the knee joint permits?

A

Extension
Flexion
Lateral rotation
Medial rotation

50
Q

How is extension at the knee joint produced?

A

Quadriceps femoris

51
Q

Where does the quadriceps femoris insert that allows it to produce extension at the knee?

A

The tibial tuberosity

52
Q

What produces flexion at the knee?

A

Hamstrings, gracilis, sartorius and popliteus

53
Q

What produces lateral rotation at the knee?

A

Biceps femoris

54
Q

What produces medial rotation at the knee?

A

Semimembranosus, semitendinosus, gracilis, sartorius and popliteus

55
Q

What is the most common pathology affecting the knee joint?

A

Injury to the collateral ligaments

56
Q

What causes injury to the collateral ligaments?

A

A force being applied to the side of the knee when the foot is placed on the ground

57
Q

How can damage to the collateral ligaments be assessed?

A

By asking the patient to medially rotate and laterally rotate the leg

58
Q

What does pain on medial rotation of the leg indicate?

A

Damage to the medial collateral ligament

59
Q

What does pain on lateral rotation of the leg indicate?

A

Damage to the lateral ligament

60
Q

What is likely if the tibial collateral ligament is damaged?

A

That the medial meniscus is torn

61
Q

What can be anterior cruciate ligament be torn by?

A

Hyperextension of the knee joint

Application of a large force to the back of the knee with the joint partly flexed

62
Q

How can you test for a town anterior cruciate ligament?

A

You can perform an anterior drawer test, where you attempt to pull the tibia forward

63
Q

What has happened if the you can pull the tibia forward?

A

The ligament has been torn

64
Q

What is the most common mechanism of posterior cruciate ligament damage?

A

The ‘dashboard injury’- when the knee is flexed and a large force is applied to the shins, pushing the tibia posteriorly

65
Q

How else can the posterior cruciate ligament be torn?

A

Hyperextension of the knee joint

Damage to the upper part of the tibial tuberosity

66
Q

How is posterior cruciate ligament damage tested for?

A

The posterior draw test- hold the knee in flexed position, and push the shin posteriorly. If there is movement, the ligament has been torn

67
Q

What can friction between the skin and patella cause?

A

The prepatella bursa to become inflamed, producing a swelling on the anterior side of the knee, known as housemaids knee

68
Q

What can friction between the skin and tibia cause?

A

The infrapatella bursa to become inflamed, resulting in whats known as ‘clergyman’s knee’

69
Q

What can damage to the medial collateral ligament cause?

A

Damage to the medial meniscus, due to its attachment

70
Q

What can rupture the the medial collateral ligament?

A

A lateral force to the extended knee

71
Q

What happens when the medial collateral ligament is ruptured?

A

The medial meniscus and the ACL are damaged, producing an ‘unhappy triad’

ESA 2- Musculoskeletal System (69 decks)

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