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ESA 2- Musculoskeletal System > Bones of the Feet > Flashcards

Bones of the Feet Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of the bones of the foot?

A

Provide mechanical support for the soft tissues, helping the foot withstand the weight of the body

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2
Q

What can the bones of the foot be divided into?

A

Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges

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3
Q

What are the tarsals?

A

A set of seven irregularly shaped bones

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4
Q

Where are the tarsals situated?

A

Proximally in the foot, in the ankle area

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5
Q

What do the metatarsals do?

A

Connect the phalanges to the tarsals

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6
Q

How many metatarsals are there?

A

5- one for each digit

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7
Q

What are the phalanges?

A

The bones of the toes

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8
Q

What does each toe have?

A

Three phalanges- a proximal, intermediate and distal, apart from the big two which also has two

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9
Q

How are the tarsal bones organised?

A

Into three rows, proximal, intermediate, and distal

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10
Q

What are the proximal tarsal bones?

A

Talus

Calcaneus

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11
Q

What do the proximal tarsal bones form?

A

The bony framework around the proximal ankle and heel area

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12
Q

What is the most superior of the tarsal bones?

A

Talus

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13
Q

Where does the talus have articulations?

A

Superiorly
Inferiorly
Anteriorly

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14
Q

What is formed with the superior articulation of the talus?

A

Ankle joint

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15
Q

What is the superior articulation of the talus between?

A

The talus and the bones of the leg (tibia and fibula)

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16
Q

What is formed with the inferior articulation of the talus?

A

Subtalar joint

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17
Q

What is the inferior articulation of the talus between?

A

The talus and calcaneus

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18
Q

What is formed with the anterior articulation of the talus?

A

Talonavicular joint

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19
Q

What is the anterior articulation of the talus between?

A

Talus and navicular

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20
Q

What is the main function of the talus?

A

To transmit forces from the tibia to the heel bone (calcaneus)

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21
Q

What is the talus the site of?

A

Numerus ligament attachments

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22
Q

Where does the calcaneus lie?

A

Underneath the talus

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23
Q

Where does the calcaneus articulate?

A

Superiorly

Anteriorly

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24
Q

What is formed with the superior articulation of the calcaneus?

A

Subtalar joint

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25
Q

What does the calcaneus articulate with superiorly?

A

The talus

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26
Q

What is formed with the anterior articulation of the calcaneus?

A

Calcaneocuboid joint

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27
Q

What does the calcaneus articulate with anteriorly?

A

The cuboid

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28
Q

What does the calcaneus act to do?

A

Transmit forces from the talus to the ground

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29
Q

What is the posterior aspect of the calcaneus marked by?

A

The calcaneal tuberosity

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30
Q

What attaches to the calcaneal tuberosity?

A

The Achilles tendon

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31
Q

What does the intermediate row of tarsal bones contain?

A

The navicular

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32
Q

What does the navicular articulate with posteriorly?

A

The talus

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33
Q

What does the navicular articulate with anteriorly?

A

The cuneiform bones

34
Q

What does the navicular bone articulate with laterally?

A

The cuboid bone

35
Q

What is found on the plantar surface of the navicular?

A

A tuberosity for the attachment of the tibialis posterior tendon

36
Q

What are the bones in the distal row of the tarsal bones?

A

Cuboid

Three cuneiforms

37
Q

What do the tarsal bones in the distal row articulate with?

A

The metatarsals of the foot

38
Q

What is the most lateral bone in the distal row of the tarsals?

A

Cuboid

39
Q

What does the cuboid bone articulate with posteriorly?

A

The calcaneus

40
Q

What does the cuboid bone articulate with anteriorly?

A

Two metatarsals

41
Q

What is the inferior surface of the cuboid bone marked by?

A

A groove for the fibularis longus muscle

42
Q

What are the cuneiforms?

A

Lateral
Intermediate
Medial

43
Q

What shape are the cuneiform bones?

A

Wedge shaped

44
Q

What do the cuneiforms articulate with posteriorly?

A

The navicular

45
Q

What do the cuneiforms articulate with anteriorly?

A

Metatarsals

46
Q

Why is the shape of the cunieforms important?

A

It helps from a transverse arch across the foot

47
Q

Where do the talus and calcaneus sit?

A

In the proximal part of the foot and ankle

48
Q

What are the talus and calcaneus involved in?

A

Transmitting forces from the body to the ground

49
Q

What is the result of the talus and calcaneus transmitting forces from the body to the ground?

A

They are the most frequently fractured of all the tarsal bones

50
Q

Where can talar farctures occur?

A

The neck of the talus or the body

51
Q

What are neck of the talus fracture caused by?

A

Excessive dorsiflexion of the foot

52
Q

Why does excessive dorsiflexion of the foot cause neck of the talus fractures?

A

Because the neck of the talus is pushed against the tibia

53
Q

What can happen in neck of the talus fracture?

A

The blood supply to the talus may be disturbed, leading to avascular necrosis of the bone

54
Q

How do body of the talus fractures usually occur?

A

From jumping from a height

55
Q

What happens in any fracture of the talus?

A

The malleoli of the leg bones act to hold the fragments together, so there is little displacement of the fracture pieces

56
Q

How is the calcaneus most often fractured?

A

In a ‘crush’ type injury

57
Q

What is the most common mechanism of injury for a calcaneus fracture?

A

Falling onto the heel from a height

58
Q

Why does falling onto the heel from a height cause a calcaneus injury?

A

The talus is driven into the calcaneus

59
Q

What can happen when the calcaneus fractures?

A

The bone can break into several pieces

60
Q

What is it known as when the bone breaks into several pieces?

A

A comminuted fracture

61
Q

How will a comminuted calcaneus appear on a x-ray?

A

Shorter and wider

62
Q

Why may a calcaneal fracture cause problems even after treatment?

A

The sub-talar joint is usually disrupted, causing the joint to become arthritic

63
Q

When will a patient with an arthritic sub-talar joint experience pain?

A

Upon inversion and eversion

64
Q

Where are the metatarsals located?

A

In the midfoot, between the tarsals and phalanges

65
Q

What are the metatarsals numbered?

A

I-V (medial to lateral)

66
Q

What does each metatarsal consist of?

A

Distal head Proximal base

Shaft

67
Q

How many articulations do the metatarsals have?

A

3 or 4

68
Q

What is formed in the proximal articulation of metatarsals?

A

Tarsometatarsal joint

69
Q

What is involved in the tarsometatarsal joints?

A

Metatarsal bases and cuneiforms or cuboid bones

70
Q

What is formed in the lateral articulation of metatarsals?

A

Intermetatarsal joint(s)

71
Q

What is involved in the intermetatarsal joint(s)?

A

Metatarsal and the adjacent metatarsals

72
Q

What is formed in the distal articulation of the metatarsals?

A

Metatarsophalangeal joint

73
Q

What is involved in the metatarsophalangeal joints?

A

Metatarsal head and the proximal phalanx.

74
Q

How can metatarsal fractures occur?

A

Direct blow to foot
Stress fracture
Excessive inversion of foot

75
Q

What is a stress fracture?

A

An incomplete fracture caused by repeated stress to the bone

76
Q

Where does metatarsal stress fractures most commonly occur?

A

In metatarsals II, III and IV

77
Q

How can excessive inversion of the foot fracture the metatarsals?

A

If the foot is violently inverted, the fibularis brevis muscle can avulse the base of metatarsal V

78
Q

What are the phalanges?

A

The bones of the toes

79
Q

What do most toes have?

A

Three phalanges- proximal, intermediate and distal

80
Q

What does the great toe have?

A

Proximal and distal phalanges

ESA 2- Musculoskeletal System (69 decks)

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