Vavular Heart Disease Flashcards
What is the treatment for mitral stenosis?
diuretics, treat atrial fibrillation, replacement, balloon valvuloplasty - widens narrow heart valve
What are the signs of mitral regurgitation?
displaced apex, pansystolic murmur - can radiate to axilla, cardiomegaly on CXR
What is seen on CXR in mitral regurgitation?
cardiomegaly
What are the causes of aortic regurgitation?
endocarditis, connective tissue disease, rheumatic, annular dilatation, Marfans, aortic dissection
Pros, cons and indications for bio-prosthetic/tissue valves?
no warfarin, last 10 years, older patients
What are the symptoms of aortic regurgitation?
dyspnoea, orthopnoea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea
When is trans-catheter aortic valve replacement used?
co-morbidity, previous sternotomy
What happens in trans-catheter valve replacement?
replacement valve wedged into damaged valves place without removing damaged valves
What is syncope?
temporary loss in consciousness caused by a fall in blood pressure
What murmur is heard in mitral stenosis?
mid diastolic rumbling murmur - localised to apex
What are the causes of mitral regurgitation?
prolapse, myxomatous (floppy) leaflets, endocarditis, rheumatic, chordae or papillary muscles rupture, annular (ring-shaped) dilatation
What is the treatment for mitral regurgitation?
diuretics, ACE inhibitors, surgery
What are the symptoms of mitral stenosis?
dyspnoea, fatigue, palpitations
What are the symptoms of mitral regurgitation?
dyspnoea, peripheral oedema, fatigue
What is seen on CXR in mitral stenosis?
straight left heart border
What is the treatment for aortic stenosis?
no drugs work, surgery
What murmur is heard in aortic stenosis?
ejection systolic murmur - can radiate to carotids
What is seen on CXR in aortic regurgitation?
cardiomegaly
What are the signs of aortic regurgitation?
collapsing pulse, wide pulse pressure, displaced apex, early diastolic murmur left sternal edge, cardiomegaly on CXR
What condition can result from aortic stenosis?
left ventricular hypertrophy
What are the signs of mitral stenosis?
malar flush on cheeks - due to decreased CO, tapping apex beat, mid diastolic rumbling murmur localised to apex, low volume pulse, atrial fibrillation, left heart border on CXT
What is the treatment for aortic regurgitation?
ACE inhibitors, surgery
What are the signs of aortic stenosis?
low volume pulse, forceful displaced apex, ejection systolic murmur - can radiate to carotids
What murmur is heard in aortic regurgitation?
early diastolic murmur left sternal edge
What are the causes of mitral stenosis?
rheumatic
What are the causes of aortic stenosis?
calcification, bicuspid valve - congenital, rheumatic
What is orthopnoea?
shortness of breath when lying flat
Why is valve replacement the preferred therapy?
no contra-indications, CABG at the same time
What murmur is heard in mitral regurgitation?
pansystolic murmur - can radiate to axilla
What is balloon valvotomy?
widening of valve stiff from calcification
Pros, cons and indications for mechanical prosthetic valves?
last long, anticoagulant for life, younger patients
What are the symptoms of aortic stenosis?
breathlessness, chest pain - may mimic angina pain - insufficient CO to match demand, dizziness, syncope
What are the characteristics of an innocent ejection murmur?
Murmurs localised to the left sternal edge, with no diastolic component, no radiation and no parasternal thrill
