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Cardiovascular > ECGs > Flashcards

ECGs Flashcards

1
Q

What electrodes make up aVL?

A

LA positive to RA and LL negative

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2
Q

What causes the R wave?

A

ventricular walls depolarise

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3
Q

What electrodes make up lead I?

A

RA negative to left arm positive

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4
Q

Where is V1 located?

A

fourth intercostal space right sternal edge

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5
Q

What electrodes make up lead III?

A

left arm negative to left leg positive

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6
Q

What happens to the S wave from V1 to V6?

A

decreases

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7
Q

Which limb is earthed for the standard limb leads?

A

right leg

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8
Q

What does the PR interval represent?

A

time for the SA node impulse to reach the ventricles

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9
Q

What does one large box represent?

A

0.2s and 5mm amplitude

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10
Q

What does the QRS complex consist of in the chest leads?

A

an R wave followed by an S wave

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11
Q

How do you calculate HR from an ECG with an irregular rhythm?

A

number of R-R intervals in 6s x 10

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12
Q

How do you tell if there is left axis deviation?

A

I = positive and aVF = negative

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13
Q

What is the position of the reference electrode in the augmented limb leads?

A

centre of the heart

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14
Q

Which limb leads view the heart from the left?

A

I and aVL

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15
Q

What electrodes make up aVR?

A

RA positive to LA and LL negative

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16
Q

What is the normal duration of the QT interval?

A

0.44s in males and 0.46s in females (when adjusted for HR)

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17
Q

What direction does lead II see the heart from?

A

anterior

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18
Q

What does the P wave represent?

A

time for completion of atrial depolarisation

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19
Q

What causes the T wave?

A

ventricular repolarisation spreads away from the recording electrode

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20
Q

What electrode is always negative in the standard limb leads?

A

right arm

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21
Q

Where is V4 located?

A

fifth intercostal space mid clavicular line

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22
Q

How do you calculate HR from an ECG in sinus rhythm?

A

300/number of large squares between beats or number of large squares in R-R interval

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23
Q

What electrodes make up aVF?

A

LL positive to RA and LA negative

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24
Q

What is the duration of a normal PR interval?

A

0.12 - 0.2 s 3-5small squares

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25
Q

How would you pick up stable angina?

A

exercise ECG - ST changes during and after exercise

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26
Q

Which chest leads look at the interventricular septum from the right?

A

V1 and V2

27
Q

Where is V6 located?

A

same horizontal level as V4 mid-axillary line

28
Q

What causes the S wave?

A

ventricles at base of heart depolarise

29
Q

What does one small box represent?

A

0.04s and 1mm amplitude

30
Q

What electrodes make up lead II?

A

right arm negative to left leg positive

31
Q

What does the ST segment represent?

A

systole

32
Q

What electrode is always positive in the standard limb leads?

A

left leg

33
Q

What view of the heart do the chest leads provide?

A

horizontal

34
Q

How do you analyse an ECG?

A
  1. verify patient details 2. check time and date ECG was taken 3. check calibration of the ECG paper 4. determine the axis if possible 5. workout rhythm 6. look at individual leads for voltage criteria changes or any ST or T wave changes
35
Q

Where is V2 located?

A

fourth intercostal space left sternal edge

36
Q

How do you tell if there is right axis deviation?

A

I = negative and aVF = positive

37
Q

Where is the reference electrode for the chest leads located?

A

centre of the heart

38
Q

Where is V3 located?

A

mid way between V2 and V4

39
Q

How would you pick up intermittent rhythm disturbances?

A

ambulatory ECG for 24 hrs or 7 days

40
Q

Where is V5 located?

A

same horizontal level as V4 anterior axillary line

41
Q

What is the PR interval?

A

start of the P wave to the start of the QRS

42
Q

What causes the Q wave?

A

ventricular depolarisation starts in the interventricular septum and spreads from left to right

43
Q

What causes an upward deflection on the ECG?

A

depolarisation moving towards the positive/recording electrode

44
Q

In which augmented limb leads are the waves negative?

A

aVR

45
Q

Which chest leads look at the anterior of the heart?

A

V3 and V4

46
Q

What does the TP segment represent?

A

diastole

47
Q

What is the normal QRS duration?

A

≤0.1s <3 small squares

48
Q

What lead is often used as the rhythm strip?

A

lead II

49
Q

What is the normal length of time for a P wave?

A

≤0.12s

50
Q

What causes a negative deflection on the ECG?

A

depolarisation moving away from the recording electrode

51
Q

What is the ST segment?

A

end of QRS to the start of the T wave

52
Q

Which limb leads view the heart from an inferior direction?

A

II, III and aVF

53
Q

What is the QT interval?

A

start of QRS to end of T wave

54
Q

What conditions can present with a normal ECG?

A

NSTEMI, intermittent rhythm disturbances, stable angina

55
Q

What provides the reference electrode for the chest leads?

A

standard limb leads linked together

56
Q

What causes the P wave?

A

atrial depolarisation spreads from SA node towards the recording electrode

57
Q

What does prolongation of the QT interval cause?

A

predisposition to arrhythmias

58
Q

Where are the electrodes positioned for the standard limb leads?

A

right arm, left arm and left leg

59
Q

Which chest leads look at the lateral aspect/left ventricle of the heart?

A

V5 and V6

60
Q

What happens to the R wave form V1 to V6?

A

increases

61
Q

How do you tell if there is extreme axis deviation?

A

I and aVF are both negative

62
Q

How do you tell if the axis is normal?

A

I and aVF are both positive

63
Q

Why is atrial repolarisation not visible on the ECG?

A

It occurs during the QRS complex so is masked

Cardiovascular (37 decks)

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