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Cardiopulmonary I > Vascular System Histology - Cole > Flashcards

Vascular System Histology - Cole Flashcards

1
Q

Order of vascular anatomy

A 
Aorta
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
Vena cava
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2
Q

2 ways blood vessels form

A

Vasculogenesis

Angiogenesis

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3
Q

Major vessels form via

A

vasculogenesis

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4
Q

Vasculogenesis

A

Blood vessels arise from coalescence of hemangioblasts, which arise from blood islands

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5
Q

Angiogenesis

A

Vessel formation via branches arising from existing vessels

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6
Q

Early vasculogenesis

A

Begins in XE splanchnic mesoderm surrounding the yolk sac

Formation then moves into lateral plate mesoderm

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7
Q

First site of formation of blood islands

A

Yolk sac

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8
Q

Hemangioblasts

A

A common precursor for vessel and blood cell formation

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9
Q

Blood islands contain

A

Contain cells (hemangioblasts) which are capable of differentiating into 2 population of cells

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10
Q

Angioblasts

A

Vascular precursors
Form endothelial cells
Coalesce into cords and form a lumen

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11
Q

VEGF

A

Vascular endothelial growth factor

Elicits regional change in blood islands

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12
Q

In development of vascular, central cells become

A

Hematopoietic stem cells

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13
Q

In development of vascular, peripheral cells differentiate into

A

Angioblasts –> endothelium of blood cells

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14
Q

Molecular regulation of development of vascular

A

FGF2 binds to mesenchymal cells (mitogen) –> hemangioblasts
VEGF elicits regional change in blood islands
Express VEGF involves HOXB5, which up regulates the VEGF receptor FLK1

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15
Q

Angiopoietin 1

A

Makes blood vessel walls bigger

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16
Q

Angiopoietin 2

A

Grows things out

*if could control this, could stop tumors

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17
Q

Blood circulation is established and primary plexi are remodeled into

A

Hierarchical network of arterioles and arteries, capillaries, and venules and veins

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18
Q

SHH

A

From notochord induces expression of VEGF (mesoderm)

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19
Q

VEGF

A

Induces Notch pathway which specifics arterial development through expression of ephrinB2 (ligand)

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20
Q

EPHB4

A

Vein specific genes controlling venous development

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21
Q

PROX1

A

Master gene for lymphatic vessel differentiation

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22
Q

AGM

A

Aorta-gonal-mesonephros region
-mesoderm surrounding aorta near developing mesonephric kidney
These cells eventually colonize the liver

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23
Q

Which cells colonize the liver

A

HSC-AGM

hematopoietic stem cells - aorta gonad mesonephros region

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24
Q

Hemangioma

A

Abnormally dense collection of capillary vessels
Common ~10% infants
Focal or diffuse
Diffuse - more secondary complications

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25
Port wine stain
Naevus flammeus | Superficial and deep dilated capillaries in the skin
26
Tumor angiogenesis
100's of these Progressive tumor growth is dependent on angiogenesis Tumors can secrete own VEGF
27
3 layers of heart
Endocardium Myocardium Epicardium
28
Endocardium
Innermost layer | Endothelial lining and sub endothelial connective tissue
29
Myocardium
Functional syncytium of striated cardiac muscle fibers forming 3 major types of cardiac muscle
30
3 major types of cardiac muscle
Atrial muscle Ventricular muscle Specialized excitatory and conductive muscle fibers
31
Epicardium
The visceral layer of the pericardium, low friction surface lined by a mesothelium in contact with the parietal pericardial space
32
Cardio(myo)cytes
Contractile - contract to move blood Myoendocrine Nodal - regulate contraction
33
Which structure is most likely found within the intercalated discs?
Gap junctions
34
3 Types of junctions that make up intercalated disc
Fascia adherens - anchor actin Macula adherens - bind intermediate filaments together Gap junctions - allow AP to spread
35
Electrical conductive heart
``` SA node AV node Bundle of His L and R bundle branch Conduction pathways (Purkinje fibers) ```
36
Purkinje fibers
Specialized muscle cells | Much larger than regular myocytes
37
Arteries
Pulm a. is only a. that is not oxygenated | Lots of elastic due to volume
38
Tunica externa
Vasa vasorum | Anchor the vessel to the tissue
39
Tunica media
Middle Smooth muscle Vasoconstriction/dilation
40
Tunica intima
Innermost Composed of endothelium and subendothelial layer Elastic lamina
41
3 types of arteries
Large elastic a. Medium muscular a. Small a. and arterioles
42
Large elastic arteries
Aorta, pulm trunk, brachiocephalic Receive blood from heart under high pressure Keep blood circulating while heart pumps intermittently Distend during systole, recoil during diastole Large Amt of elastic in tunica media
43
Muscular a.
Get blood to tissues in response to need Tunica intima has 3 layers - endothelium, sub endothelium and internal elastic lamina Reduction in elastic, increase in muscle Ex. radial, tibial, popliteal, axillary, splenic, mesenteric, intercostal a.
44
Arterioles
Final branches of the arterial system Regulate the distribution of blood to different capillary beds by vasoconstriction/dilation Partial contraction - tone
45
This type of a. considered resistance vessels
Arterioles | Major determinants of systemic blood pressure
46
Which of the following constitutes the microvascular bed of a tissue?
Capillaries Arterioles Post capillary venules
47
Microcirculation
Microvascular bed
48
Capillary bed
10-100 capillaries that function together Large capillaries - blood flow continuous Small capillaries - blood intermittent
49
Preferential channels
AKA large capillaries | Blood flow is continuous
50
True capillaries
Blood flow is intermittent
51
Functional unit of cardiovascular system
Capillaries
52
Capillaries
5 to 10 um - large enough for one RBC | Contain only tunica intima
53
3 Types of capillaries
Continuous Fenestrated Sinusoids
54
Continuous capillaries
Lined by endothelium with tight junctions and a basal lamina with pericytes
55
Fenestrated capillaries
Pores | GI and kidney
56
Sinusoids
aka Discontinuous capillaries Incomplete endothelial lining and basal lamina Liver spleen
57
Veins
Capacitance (reservoir) vessels | Starts with postcap venule that resembles continuous cap with wider lumen
58
What is the preferred site of migration of blood cells into tissues
Postcapillary venules | -walls are thinner
59
Venous system
Postcapillary venules converge to form muscular v. that lead to series of v. of progressively larger diameter Relatively thin walled Have valves to prevent reflux of blood
60
High capacitance of v. due to
Distensibility of their wall | Content of blood is relative to the volume of the v.
61
Veins tunica media
Thinner than in a. | Smooth muscle cells have irregular orientation
62
Varicose veins
Valves don't close properly
63
Lymphatic vessels
Conduct immune cells Remove excess fluid accumulated in interstitial spaces Transport chylomicrons Have flaplike minivalve
64
Chylomicrons
Lipid-containing particles, transported by lymph through lacteal lymphatic vessels inside the intestinal villi
65
Lymphatic capillaries
Begin as dilated tubes with closed ends in proximity to blood cap and collect tissue fluid Most tissues - except cartilage, bone, epithelia, CNS and placenta
66
2 ways of lymphatic drainage
Intrinsic contraction - smooth m. of wall contracts Extrinsic contraction - external factors ex. exercise, arterial pulsations, compression of tissues
67
Edema
Lymph drainage is impaired, excess fluid accumulates in tissue spaces
68
3 Types of edema
Lymphadema Filariasis Chylous ascites
69
Lymphedema
Defect in transport of lymph because of abnormal development or damaged vessels
70
Filariasis
AKA elephantiasis Parasitic infection Damage to vessels esp legs and genitals
71
Chylous ascites and chylothorax
Accumulation of high fat containing fluid, chyle, in abd or thorax Result of trauma, obstruction or abnormal development of lymphatic vessels
72
Chyle
High fat containing fluid
73
Endothelial cell-mediated regulation of blood flow
Nitric oxide and prostacyclin - relaxation of smooth muscle Permeability of capillary endothelial cells is tissue specific Play a role in cell homing and inflammation
74
Prostacyclin
Prevents platelet adhesion and clumping leading to blood clotting
75
Nitric oxide and prostacyclin
Relaxation of smooth muscle
76
Endothelin 1
Very potent vasoconstrictor peptide
77
Atherosclerosis
Thickening and hardening of walls of a. Frequently seen in a. with high BP, not in v. Chronic inflammatory diz Correlates with the serum levels of cholesterol or LDL

Cardiopulmonary I (34 decks)

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