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Cardiopulmonary I > Vascular System Histology - Cole > Flashcards

Vascular System Histology - Cole Flashcards

1
Q

Order of vascular anatomy

A 
Aorta
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
Vena cava
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2
Q

2 ways blood vessels form

A

Vasculogenesis

Angiogenesis

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3
Q

Major vessels form via

A

vasculogenesis

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4
Q

Vasculogenesis

A

Blood vessels arise from coalescence of hemangioblasts, which arise from blood islands

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5
Q

Angiogenesis

A

Vessel formation via branches arising from existing vessels

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6
Q

Early vasculogenesis

A

Begins in XE splanchnic mesoderm surrounding the yolk sac

Formation then moves into lateral plate mesoderm

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7
Q

First site of formation of blood islands

A

Yolk sac

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8
Q

Hemangioblasts

A

A common precursor for vessel and blood cell formation

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9
Q

Blood islands contain

A

Contain cells (hemangioblasts) which are capable of differentiating into 2 population of cells

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10
Q

Angioblasts

A

Vascular precursors
Form endothelial cells
Coalesce into cords and form a lumen

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11
Q

VEGF

A

Vascular endothelial growth factor

Elicits regional change in blood islands

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12
Q

In development of vascular, central cells become

A

Hematopoietic stem cells

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13
Q

In development of vascular, peripheral cells differentiate into

A

Angioblasts –> endothelium of blood cells

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14
Q

Molecular regulation of development of vascular

A

FGF2 binds to mesenchymal cells (mitogen) –> hemangioblasts
VEGF elicits regional change in blood islands
Express VEGF involves HOXB5, which up regulates the VEGF receptor FLK1

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15
Q

Angiopoietin 1

A

Makes blood vessel walls bigger

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16
Q

Angiopoietin 2

A

Grows things out

*if could control this, could stop tumors

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17
Q

Blood circulation is established and primary plexi are remodeled into

A

Hierarchical network of arterioles and arteries, capillaries, and venules and veins

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18
Q

SHH

A

From notochord induces expression of VEGF (mesoderm)

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19
Q

VEGF

A

Induces Notch pathway which specifics arterial development through expression of ephrinB2 (ligand)

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20
Q

EPHB4

A

Vein specific genes controlling venous development

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21
Q

PROX1

A

Master gene for lymphatic vessel differentiation

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22
Q

AGM

A

Aorta-gonal-mesonephros region
-mesoderm surrounding aorta near developing mesonephric kidney
These cells eventually colonize the liver

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23
Q

Which cells colonize the liver

A

HSC-AGM

hematopoietic stem cells - aorta gonad mesonephros region

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24
Q

Hemangioma

A

Abnormally dense collection of capillary vessels
Common ~10% infants
Focal or diffuse
Diffuse - more secondary complications

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25
Q

Port wine stain

A

Naevus flammeus

Superficial and deep dilated capillaries in the skin

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26
Q

Tumor angiogenesis

A

100’s of these
Progressive tumor growth is dependent on angiogenesis
Tumors can secrete own VEGF

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27
Q

3 layers of heart

A

Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium

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28
Q

Endocardium

A

Innermost layer

Endothelial lining and sub endothelial connective tissue

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29
Q

Myocardium

A

Functional syncytium of striated cardiac muscle fibers forming 3 major types of cardiac muscle

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30
Q

3 major types of cardiac muscle

A

Atrial muscle
Ventricular muscle
Specialized excitatory and conductive muscle fibers

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31
Q

Epicardium

A

The visceral layer of the pericardium, low friction surface lined by a mesothelium in contact with the parietal pericardial space

32
Q

Cardio(myo)cytes

A

Contractile - contract to move blood
Myoendocrine
Nodal - regulate contraction

33
Q

Which structure is most likely found within the intercalated discs?

A

Gap junctions

34
Q

3 Types of junctions that make up intercalated disc

A

Fascia adherens - anchor actin
Macula adherens - bind intermediate filaments together
Gap junctions - allow AP to spread

35
Q

Electrical conductive heart

A 
SA node
AV node
Bundle of His
L and R bundle branch
Conduction pathways (Purkinje fibers)
36
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

Specialized muscle cells

Much larger than regular myocytes

37
Q

Arteries

A

Pulm a. is only a. that is not oxygenated

Lots of elastic due to volume

38
Q

Tunica externa

A

Vasa vasorum

Anchor the vessel to the tissue

39
Q

Tunica media

A

Middle
Smooth muscle
Vasoconstriction/dilation

40
Q

Tunica intima

A

Innermost
Composed of endothelium and subendothelial layer
Elastic lamina

41
Q

3 types of arteries

A

Large elastic a.
Medium muscular a.
Small a. and arterioles

42
Q

Large elastic arteries

A

Aorta, pulm trunk, brachiocephalic
Receive blood from heart under high pressure
Keep blood circulating while heart pumps intermittently
Distend during systole, recoil during diastole
Large Amt of elastic in tunica media

43
Q

Muscular a.

A

Get blood to tissues in response to need
Tunica intima has 3 layers - endothelium, sub endothelium and internal elastic lamina
Reduction in elastic, increase in muscle
Ex. radial, tibial, popliteal, axillary, splenic, mesenteric, intercostal a.

44
Q

Arterioles

A

Final branches of the arterial system
Regulate the distribution of blood to different capillary beds by vasoconstriction/dilation
Partial contraction - tone

45
Q

This type of a. considered resistance vessels

A

Arterioles

Major determinants of systemic blood pressure

46
Q

Which of the following constitutes the microvascular bed of a tissue?

A

Capillaries
Arterioles
Post capillary venules

47
Q

Microcirculation

A

Microvascular bed

48
Q

Capillary bed

A

10-100 capillaries that function together
Large capillaries - blood flow continuous
Small capillaries - blood intermittent

49
Q

Preferential channels

A

AKA large capillaries

Blood flow is continuous

50
Q

True capillaries

A

Blood flow is intermittent

51
Q

Functional unit of cardiovascular system

A

Capillaries

52
Q

Capillaries

A

5 to 10 um - large enough for one RBC

Contain only tunica intima

53
Q

3 Types of capillaries

A

Continuous
Fenestrated
Sinusoids

54
Q

Continuous capillaries

A

Lined by endothelium with tight junctions and a basal lamina with pericytes

55
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

A

Pores

GI and kidney

56
Q

Sinusoids

A

aka Discontinuous capillaries
Incomplete endothelial lining and basal lamina
Liver spleen

57
Q

Veins

A

Capacitance (reservoir) vessels

Starts with postcap venule that resembles continuous cap with wider lumen

58
Q

What is the preferred site of migration of blood cells into tissues

A

Postcapillary venules

-walls are thinner

59
Q

Venous system

A

Postcapillary venules converge to form muscular v. that lead to series of v. of progressively larger diameter
Relatively thin walled
Have valves to prevent reflux of blood

60
Q

High capacitance of v. due to

A

Distensibility of their wall

Content of blood is relative to the volume of the v.

61
Q

Veins tunica media

A

Thinner than in a.

Smooth muscle cells have irregular orientation

62
Q

Varicose veins

A

Valves don’t close properly

63
Q

Lymphatic vessels

A

Conduct immune cells
Remove excess fluid accumulated in interstitial spaces
Transport chylomicrons
Have flaplike minivalve

64
Q

Chylomicrons

A

Lipid-containing particles, transported by lymph through lacteal lymphatic vessels inside the intestinal villi

65
Q

Lymphatic capillaries

A

Begin as dilated tubes with closed ends in proximity to blood cap and collect tissue fluid
Most tissues - except cartilage, bone, epithelia, CNS and placenta

66
Q

2 ways of lymphatic drainage

A

Intrinsic contraction - smooth m. of wall contracts
Extrinsic contraction - external factors
ex. exercise, arterial pulsations, compression of tissues

67
Q

Edema

A

Lymph drainage is impaired, excess fluid accumulates in tissue spaces

68
Q

3 Types of edema

A

Lymphadema
Filariasis
Chylous ascites

69
Q

Lymphedema

A

Defect in transport of lymph because of abnormal development or damaged vessels

70
Q

Filariasis

A

AKA elephantiasis
Parasitic infection
Damage to vessels esp legs and genitals

71
Q

Chylous ascites and chylothorax

A

Accumulation of high fat containing fluid, chyle, in abd or thorax
Result of trauma, obstruction or abnormal development of lymphatic vessels

72
Q

Chyle

A

High fat containing fluid

73
Q

Endothelial cell-mediated regulation of blood flow

A

Nitric oxide and prostacyclin - relaxation of smooth muscle
Permeability of capillary endothelial cells is tissue specific
Play a role in cell homing and inflammation

74
Q

Prostacyclin

A

Prevents platelet adhesion and clumping leading to blood clotting

75
Q

Nitric oxide and prostacyclin

A

Relaxation of smooth muscle

76
Q

Endothelin 1

A

Very potent vasoconstrictor peptide

77
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Thickening and hardening of walls of a.
Frequently seen in a. with high BP, not in v.
Chronic inflammatory diz
Correlates with the serum levels of cholesterol or LDL

Cardiopulmonary I (34 decks)

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