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Cardiopulmonary I > Cardiology - Olinger > Flashcards

Cardiology - Olinger Flashcards

1
Q

Heart

A

2 sided
4 chambered
self-initializing
self-adjusting

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2
Q

R side of heart receives blood from

A

SVC and IVC and pumps it out to the lungs for oxygenation

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3
Q

L side of heart receives blood from

A

Lungs (oxygenated) and pumps it out to the entire body via the aorta

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4
Q

Systemic circulation

A 
L atrium
Bicuspic valve
Left ventricle
Aortic valve
Aorta
Arterial system
Capillaries
Venous System
IVC and SVC
Heart
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5
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A 
SVC and IVC
R atrium
Tricuspid valve
R ventricle
Pulmonary valve
Pulmonary trunk
R and L lungs
Pulmonary veins
Heart
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6
Q

Epicardium

A

Outermost layer

Made up of visceral serous pericardium

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7
Q

Myocardium

A

Thick muscular layer made up of spiraling, overlapping layers of cardiac muscle

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8
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

Lack of blood flow to a specific ares of the myocardium, usually a result of a blockage in Coronary a.

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9
Q

Coronary atherosclerosis

A

Build up of lipids on the internal walls of the coronary arteries decreases the size of lumen and increasing likelihood of embolus or plug blocking a vessel off entirely

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10
Q

Angina pectoris

A

Pain that originates in heart and produces a strangling pain of chest. Usually the result of narrow or obstructed coronary arteries that produces ischemia of the myocardium

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11
Q

Endocardium

A

Thin internal endothelial and sub endothelial layer lining the inside of the chambers of the heart and valves

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12
Q

Fibrous Skeleton of the heart

A

Dense collagenous fibers
Provides attachment points for the myocardium and vales of the cuspid valves
Supports and strengthens Atrioventricular and semilunar orifices
Provides an electrically insulated barrier between the atria and ventricles

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13
Q

3 surfaces of the heart

A

Sternocostal - R ventricle
Diaphragmatic - L and R ventricle
Pulmonary

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14
Q

R Atrioventricular groove

A

Between the R atrium and R ventricle

Transmits R Coronary a.

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15
Q

L atrioventricular groove

A

Between R atrium and ventricle

Houses Coronary sinus

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16
Q

Anterior interventricular groove

A

Between R and L ventricles on the anterior aspect of heart

Transmits the anterior inter ventricular a and great cardiac v.

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17
Q

Posterior interventricular groove

A

Between R and L ventricles on the posterior aspect of heart

Transmits the Posterior interventricular a. and middle cardiac v.

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18
Q

Sulcus terminalis

A

External vertical groove corresponding to the internal Crista Terminalis

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19
Q

Ligamentum Arteriosum

A

Embryological remnant of the ductus arteriosus

Superior aspect of the pulmonary trunk to the inferior concave border of the aortic arch

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20
Q

Ductus arteriosus

A

Shunts blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta to bypass the nonfunctional lungs

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21
Q

5 features of the R atrium

A 
Sinus venarum
Pectinate muscle
Crista terminalis
Interatrial septum
-fossa ovalis
Opening for coronary sinus
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22
Q

Sinus venarum

A

Posterior, smooth, thin walled region where the venae cavae and coronary sinus empty

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23
Q

Pectinate muscle

A

anterior, rough muscular wall

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24
Q

Crista terminalis

A

Internal ridge separating smooth and rough regions

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25
Q

Interatrial septum

A

wall between the two atria

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26
Q

Fossa ovalis

A

Embryonic remnant of the foramen ovalis

27
Q

Atrial septal defects

A

Typically incomplete closure of the foramen oval
15-20% of adults have a small patency of their Foramen Ovale - clinically insignificant
Larger openings in interatrial septum can be clinically significant as they allow mix of O2 rich and O2 depleted blood

28
Q

R atrioventricular orifice

A

Passage from R atrium to R ventricle, variably occluded by the tricuspid valve

29
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

R atrium and R ventricle

30
Q

Chordae tendonae

A

Attach free edges of cusps to the corresponding papillary muscles

31
Q

Trabecula carnae

A

Rough muscular region

32
Q

Septomarginal trabeculum aka

A

Moderator band

33
Q

Septomarginal trabeculum

A

From inter ventricular septum to the base of the anterior papillary muscle, transmits the right bundle branch of AV bundle to the anterior papillary muscle

34
Q

Conus Arteriosus

A

aka Infundibulum

Smooth-walled, leads into the pulmonary trunk

35
Q

Pulmonary valve

A

Separates R ventricle from pulmonary trunk

36
Q

Pulmonary sinuses

A

Space between the wall of the pulmonary trunk and cusps of pulmonary valve

37
Q

Cardiac catheterization

A

Insertion of catheter into the femoral v. which is then passed up to the IVC allowing radiographic visualization of the R atrium, R ventricle and Pulm trunk and a.

38
Q

Contents of L atrium

A

Left auricle
Openings for 4 pulmonary v
Interatrial septum

39
Q

Bicuspic valve

A

Mitral valve

Separates L atrium from L ventricle

40
Q

Aortic vestibule

A

Smooth walled, leads into the ascending aorta

41
Q

Interventricular septum

A

Myocardial wall separating the two ventricles, houses the AV bundle, R and L bundle branches and subendocardial branches

42
Q

Ventricular Septal defects

A

Due to embryologically divergent tissues particularly susceptible to defects. ALL are clinically relevant as they allow the mix of oxygen rich and depleted blood

43
Q

Beginning of diastole

A

Aortic and pulmonary valve close due to a drop in pressure inside the ventricles

44
Q

Early diastole

A

As the ventricles relax the heart lengthens and the AV valves (tricuspid and bicuspid) open flooding the ventricles with blood

45
Q

Diastole

A

Atrial contraction takes place in the late moments of diastole and expulsion of blood into the ventricles

46
Q

Beginning of systole

A

AV valves close due to increased pressure in the ventricles

47
Q

Early systole

A

Ventricles begin to contract thereby increasing the pressure, opening the aortic valve and the pulmonary valve

48
Q

Systole

A

Full ventricular contraction and expulsion of blood into the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

49
Q

Sinoatrial node

A

Myocardium, where the SVC meets the R atrium
Small bundle of specialized cardiac muscle fibers that initiate and regulate impulses that propagates through the atrial walls, via myogenic conduction, producing diastole

50
Q

Atrioventricular node

A

Small bundle of specialized cardiac muscle fibers in the intertribal septum near the opening of the coronary sinus, responds to the impulse from the SA node that is distributed through the wall of the atrium and distributes that signal through the ventricles

51
Q

Atrioventricular Bundle

A

Crosses the electrically insulated barrier provided by the fibrous skeleton and distributes the impulse from the AV node into R and L atrioventricular bundle

52
Q

Subendocardial branches

A

Atrioventricular nodal impulse from the R and L atrioventricular bundle branches first to the inter ventricular septum, then to the papillary muscles, and finally to the rest of the ventricular wall

53
Q

Subendocardial branches aka

A

Purkinje fibers

54
Q

Artificial Cardia Pacemaker

A

Produces a regular electrical impulse that is carried to the ventricles via electrodes which are inserted through a large vein to the SVC into the RA past the tricuspid into the endocardium of the Trabecula Carnae of the RV

55
Q

Atrial Fibrillation

A

Irregular twitching of the atrial cardiac muscle fibers to which the ventricles respond at irregular intervals. Circulation usually remains satisfactory

56
Q

Ventricular Fibrillation

A

Rapid irregular twitching of the ventricles rendering the heart unable to pump blood.
Electric shock administered by electrodes can cease all cardiac movement in hopes that heart may begin beating regularly after a period of time

57
Q

Cardiac referred pain

A

Ischemia stimulates visceral pain sensory fibers in the heart of the ANS. These visceral sensory fibers often share a spinal ganglion with the somatic sensory fibers of areas such as upper limb and superior lateral chest wall. Referred to area innervated by L medial brachial cutaneous nerve, the L substernal area, L pectoral area and medial aspect of the L upper limb

58
Q

Oblique Pericardial Sinus

A

Wide recess posterior to the base of the heart

59
Q

Transverse pericardial sinus

A

Transverse passage traversing the origins of the great vessels

60
Q

Surgical significance of the transverse pericardial sinus

A

This space allows cardiac surgeons to access the area posterior to the aorta and pulmonary trunk to clamp or insert the tubes of a bypass machine into these large vessels

61
Q

Pericarditis

A

Inflammation of the pericardium, can make it rough and produce friction
Untreated can calcify

62
Q

Pericardial Effusion

A

Inflammation of pericardium can result in the accumulation of fluid or pus in the pericardial sac which can compress the heart

63
Q

Cardiac tamponade

A

Heart compression caused by pericardial effusion

64
Q

Pericardiocentesis

A

Drainage of blood, fluid, or pus from pericardial sac. Usually done to relieve cardiac tamponade

Cardiopulmonary I (34 decks)

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