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Cardiopulmonary I > Blood Histology - Cole > Flashcards

Blood Histology - Cole Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of blood

A

Transport or exchange
Protection
Regulation
Constituents of blood

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2
Q

Characteristics of blood

A

Connective tissue
Contains cells, liquid ground substance (called plasma) and dissolved protein
4x more viscous than water

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3
Q

Erythrocytes

A

RBCs

44% of blood sample

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4
Q

Hematocrit

A

% RBC volume in blood

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5
Q

Buffy coat

A

Composed of leukocytes and cell fragments called platelets

< 1% of a blood sample

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6
Q

Plasma

A

Fluid component, minus the formed elements

55% of blood

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7
Q

% water in plasma

A

92%

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8
Q

Serum

A

When proteins are removed from plasma, the remaining fluid

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9
Q

Plasma proteins include:

A

Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen
Regulatory proteins - primarily enzymes and hormones

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10
Q

Albumin

A

Transports many small molecules in the blood (bilirubin, calcium, progesterone, and drugs)
Conc is much greater in blood than extracellular fluid
Synthesized by liver, decreased serum can be from liver dz

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11
Q

Kidney disease and albumin

A

Albumin escapes into urine

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12
Q

Fibrinogen

A

4% of all plasma proteins

Blood clot formation

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13
Q

Damage to walls of blood vessels and fibrinogen

A

Following trauma is converted into long, insoluble strands of fibrin, which is the essence of a blood clot

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14
Q

Globulins

A

Bind, support and protect certain water-insoluble or hydrophobic molecules, hormones and ions

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15
Q

Gamma-globulins are

A

Immunoglobulins or antibodies

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16
Q

3 Formed elements in the blood

A

RBC
WBC
Platelets

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17
Q

Erythrocytes - formed element

A

99%

Primary fxn: transport resp gases in the blood

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18
Q

Leukocytes - formed element

A

< .01%

Contribute to defending body against the pathogens

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19
Q

Platelets aka

A

Thrombocytes

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20
Q

Platelets - formed element

A

< 1%

Help with blood clotting

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21
Q

RBCs

A

Lack nuclei and organelles
Replaced in circulation by reticulocytes (1-2% of them) mature 1-2 days
Have underlying cytoskeleton
Transport O2 and CO2

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22
Q

What allows RBC to carry respiratory gases more efficiently?

A

Lack of nuclei

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23
Q

Glycophorin

A

Cell membrane of RBCs

-helps it not stick

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24
Q

Ankyrin

A

Anchors spectrin to band 3

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25
Junctional complex
Actin filament Tropomyosin Protein 4.1
26
Adducin
Calmodulin binding protein that stimulates the association of actin with spectrin
27
Elliptocytosis
Oval-shaped RBCs Defective self association of spectrin subunits, defective binding of spectrin to ankyrin, protein 4.1 defects and abnormal glycophorin
28
2 Cytoskeletal Abnormalities
1. Elliptocytosis - junctional complex | 2. Spherocytosis - spectrin
29
Spherocytosis
Deficiency in spectrin
30
Sxs and tx of cytoskeleton abnormalities
Anemia, jaundice and splenomegaly | Tx: splenectomy - site responsible for the destruction of elliptocytes and spherocytes
31
Polychromasia
Large and light in color | Usually a sign of bone marrow stress as well as immature RBCs
32
Morphological hallmark of hereditary spherocytosis
Spherocytes - small dense cells lacking central pallor
33
Hb in Erythrocytes
Filled with 280 million molecules of hemoglobin Each Hb molecule consists of 4 protein globins O2 binds to these iron ions for transport in the blood
34
Each Hb has ___ iron ions and is capable of binding ___ molecules of oxygen
4, 4
35
How oxygen acts with Hb
Binding is weak to ensure rapid attachment and detachment O2 binds to Hb when the RBCs pass through blood vessels of the lungs Leaves the Hb when the RBC pass through blood vessels of body tissues
36
Sickle Cell Anemia
Point mutation of glutamic acid to valine in 6th position in the Beta globin chain Defective Hb tetramers (Hb S) aggregate resulting in sickle cell shaped
37
Hb S leads to
Severe chronic hemolytic anemia and obstruction of post capillary venules
38
Thalassemia Syndromes
Heritable anemias characterized by defective synthesis of either the alpha or beta chains of the normal hemoglobin tetramer (a2B2) Designated by the affected globin chain: Alpha and beta
39
Most severe alpha form of thalassemia
Hydrops fetalis | -usually results in intrauterine fetal death
40
Most severe beta form of thalassemia
Beta-thalassemia major | results in severe transplant dependent anemia
41
Anemia
Condition in which the quantity of RBC is lower than normal | Inadequate production or survival
42
Anemia Sxs
Anemia, SOB, pallor, fatigue, heart palp | Strains heart
43
Polycythemia
too many RBCs int he blood Volume might be normal - thick and viscous Strains heart
44
Congenital hemolytic anemia
Accelerated destruction because of fragile plasma membrane
45
Pernicious anemia
Impaired absorption of vitamin B-12 because of lack of intrinsic factor (IF) in gastric secretions
46
Iron deficiency anemia
Most common, rarely due to diet | Most common cause: excessive menses, ulcers, colon CA
47
Aplastic anemia
significantly decreased formation of RBCs and Hb, defective red bone marrow
48
Compensatory polycythemia
Result of chronic hypoxia Smoking Damage due to long term exposure to tobacco and carbon monoxide Body senses not enough O2 and makes more = viscous
49
Erythrocytosis
Increase in RBCs due to increase in erythropoietin
50
Polycythemia vera
RBC growth in the red marrow is not regulated. RBC precursors continue to grow/mature even in the absence of EPO
51
Blood doping
Attempt to increase athletic ability by increasing amount of RBC Remove and reinfuse Increases viscosity and amt of work heart does
52
EPO
Hormone released by the kidney in response to hypoxia | Stimulates the synthesis of RBCs
53
Fetal Hb
Higher affinity for O2 than does HbA -curve is to the left and higher Pulls O2 from maternal blood If could figure out a way to reverse this, could treat sickle disease and anemia
54
Erythroblastosis fetalis
Ab-induced hemolytic disease in the newborn Rh - mother Rh + fetus Develops Abs against future Rh+ babies Destroy fetal blood cells and fetus gets anemia Treat with anti-D globulin (Rhogam) this masks the antigenic sites on the fetal RBCs
55
Granulocytes
Contain primary and secondary granules
56
Agranulocytes
Contain only primary granules
57
Diapedesis
WBCs leave the bloodstream
58
WBCs
granulocytes and agranulocytes Initiate immune response and defend against pathogens Nucleus and organelles 1.5-3x larger
59
How WBC enter the tissue
Homing mechanism
60
Leukopenia
Reduced number circulating WBCs | Can be due to bacterial/viral infection, toxins, leukemia
61
Leukocytosis
Elevated WBC count | Can be indicative of dehydration, allergy or infection
62
Chemotaxis
WBC attracted to sites of infection by chemical signals
63
3 Granulocytes
Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils *phagocytic cells with multi lobed nucleus
64
Neutrophils
``` Most abundant 60-70% First on scene Multi-lobed nucleus - polymorphonuclear Pale granules Eliminate opsonized bacteria Primary granules - elastase and myeloperoxidase Secondary granules - lysozyme ```
65
Neutrophil receptors
For integrins ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 Enable the antibacterial and homing function of neutrophils
66
Pt comes in .....blah blah blah....... with bacterial infection most common type of cell?
Neutrophil
67
Pt comes in .....blah blah blah....... with parasitic infection most common type of cell?
Eosinophil
68
Pt comes in .....blah blah blah....... with hypersensitivity most common type of cell?
Basophil
69
Eosinophils
Parasitic infections Reduce severity of allergic runs Trigger bronchial asthma
70
Basophils
Very hard to find Bilobed-nucleus and abundant blue/violet granules May leave circulation and resemble mast cell
71
Basophil granules
Histamine and heparin
72
Histamine
Vasodilation
73
Heparin
Anticoagulant
74
Agranulocytes
Small primary granules Round or indented nucleus Lymphocytes and monocytes
75
Lymphocytes
``` Most found in lymphatic tissue 20-25% of total WBC Round nucleus that occupies most of cell Few days or several years T and B ```
76
Monocytes
Up to 3x the diameter of RBC 3-8% of all WBC Kidney shaped nucleus 12 to 100 hours in blood then enter tissue
77
In connective tissue, monocytes
Differentiate into Macrophages
78
Platelets
Small fragments derived from the megakaryocyte under the control of thrombopoietin (produced in kidneys and liver) Bind and degrade thrombopoiein, a mechanism that regulates platelet production
79
Platelet - Hemostasis
Severe trauma to a blood vessel causes the blood to coagulate or clot. Components in the plasma produce a web of fibrin that traps RBCs and platelets in the web to halt blood flow
80
Thrombocytopenia
Reduction in the number of platelets lead to increased susceptibility to bleeding Purpura Can be caused by a decrease in the production of platelets, and increase int he destruction of platelets or drugs -for example, PCN, sulfonamides and digoxin
81
Purpura
small reddish-purple blotches | associated with thromboyctopenia

Cardiopulmonary I (34 decks)

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