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Cardiopulmonary I > Blood Histology - Cole > Flashcards

Blood Histology - Cole Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of blood

A

Transport or exchange
Protection
Regulation
Constituents of blood

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2
Q

Characteristics of blood

A

Connective tissue
Contains cells, liquid ground substance (called plasma) and dissolved protein
4x more viscous than water

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3
Q

Erythrocytes

A

RBCs

44% of blood sample

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4
Q

Hematocrit

A

% RBC volume in blood

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5
Q

Buffy coat

A

Composed of leukocytes and cell fragments called platelets

< 1% of a blood sample

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6
Q

Plasma

A

Fluid component, minus the formed elements

55% of blood

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7
Q

% water in plasma

A

92%

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8
Q

Serum

A

When proteins are removed from plasma, the remaining fluid

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9
Q

Plasma proteins include:

A

Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen
Regulatory proteins - primarily enzymes and hormones

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10
Q

Albumin

A

Transports many small molecules in the blood (bilirubin, calcium, progesterone, and drugs)
Conc is much greater in blood than extracellular fluid
Synthesized by liver, decreased serum can be from liver dz

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11
Q

Kidney disease and albumin

A

Albumin escapes into urine

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12
Q

Fibrinogen

A

4% of all plasma proteins

Blood clot formation

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13
Q

Damage to walls of blood vessels and fibrinogen

A

Following trauma is converted into long, insoluble strands of fibrin, which is the essence of a blood clot

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14
Q

Globulins

A

Bind, support and protect certain water-insoluble or hydrophobic molecules, hormones and ions

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15
Q

Gamma-globulins are

A

Immunoglobulins or antibodies

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16
Q

3 Formed elements in the blood

A

RBC
WBC
Platelets

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17
Q

Erythrocytes - formed element

A

99%

Primary fxn: transport resp gases in the blood

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18
Q

Leukocytes - formed element

A

< .01%

Contribute to defending body against the pathogens

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19
Q

Platelets aka

A

Thrombocytes

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20
Q

Platelets - formed element

A

< 1%

Help with blood clotting

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21
Q

RBCs

A

Lack nuclei and organelles
Replaced in circulation by reticulocytes (1-2% of them) mature 1-2 days
Have underlying cytoskeleton
Transport O2 and CO2

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22
Q

What allows RBC to carry respiratory gases more efficiently?

A

Lack of nuclei

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23
Q

Glycophorin

A

Cell membrane of RBCs

-helps it not stick

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24
Q

Ankyrin

A

Anchors spectrin to band 3

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25
Q

Junctional complex

A

Actin filament
Tropomyosin
Protein 4.1

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26
Q

Adducin

A

Calmodulin binding protein that stimulates the association of actin with spectrin

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27
Q

Elliptocytosis

A

Oval-shaped RBCs
Defective self association of spectrin subunits, defective binding of spectrin to ankyrin, protein 4.1 defects and abnormal glycophorin

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28
Q

2 Cytoskeletal Abnormalities

A
  1. Elliptocytosis - junctional complex

2. Spherocytosis - spectrin

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29
Q

Spherocytosis

A

Deficiency in spectrin

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30
Q

Sxs and tx of cytoskeleton abnormalities

A

Anemia, jaundice and splenomegaly

Tx: splenectomy - site responsible for the destruction of elliptocytes and spherocytes

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31
Q

Polychromasia

A

Large and light in color

Usually a sign of bone marrow stress as well as immature RBCs

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32
Q

Morphological hallmark of hereditary spherocytosis

A

Spherocytes - small dense cells lacking central pallor

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33
Q

Hb in Erythrocytes

A

Filled with 280 million molecules of hemoglobin
Each Hb molecule consists of 4 protein globins
O2 binds to these iron ions for transport in the blood

34
Q

Each Hb has ___ iron ions and is capable of binding ___ molecules of oxygen

A

4, 4

35
Q

How oxygen acts with Hb

A

Binding is weak to ensure rapid attachment and detachment
O2 binds to Hb when the RBCs pass through blood vessels of the lungs
Leaves the Hb when the RBC pass through blood vessels of body tissues

36
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia

A

Point mutation of glutamic acid to valine in 6th position in the Beta globin chain
Defective Hb tetramers (Hb S) aggregate resulting in sickle cell shaped

37
Q

Hb S leads to

A

Severe chronic hemolytic anemia and obstruction of post capillary venules

38
Q

Thalassemia Syndromes

A

Heritable anemias characterized by defective synthesis of either the alpha or beta chains of the normal hemoglobin tetramer (a2B2)
Designated by the affected globin chain: Alpha and beta

39
Q

Most severe alpha form of thalassemia

A

Hydrops fetalis

-usually results in intrauterine fetal death

40
Q

Most severe beta form of thalassemia

A

Beta-thalassemia major

results in severe transplant dependent anemia

41
Q

Anemia

A

Condition in which the quantity of RBC is lower than normal

Inadequate production or survival

42
Q

Anemia Sxs

A

Anemia, SOB, pallor, fatigue, heart palp

Strains heart

43
Q

Polycythemia

A

too many RBCs int he blood
Volume might be normal - thick and viscous
Strains heart

44
Q

Congenital hemolytic anemia

A

Accelerated destruction because of fragile plasma membrane

45
Q

Pernicious anemia

A

Impaired absorption of vitamin B-12 because of lack of intrinsic factor (IF) in gastric secretions

46
Q

Iron deficiency anemia

A

Most common, rarely due to diet

Most common cause: excessive menses, ulcers, colon CA

47
Q

Aplastic anemia

A

significantly decreased formation of RBCs and Hb, defective red bone marrow

48
Q

Compensatory polycythemia

A

Result of chronic hypoxia
Smoking
Damage due to long term exposure to tobacco and carbon monoxide
Body senses not enough O2 and makes more = viscous

49
Q

Erythrocytosis

A

Increase in RBCs due to increase in erythropoietin

50
Q

Polycythemia vera

A

RBC growth in the red marrow is not regulated. RBC precursors continue to grow/mature even in the absence of EPO

51
Q

Blood doping

A

Attempt to increase athletic ability by increasing amount of RBC
Remove and reinfuse
Increases viscosity and amt of work heart does

52
Q

EPO

A

Hormone released by the kidney in response to hypoxia

Stimulates the synthesis of RBCs

53
Q

Fetal Hb

A

Higher affinity for O2 than does HbA
-curve is to the left and higher
Pulls O2 from maternal blood
If could figure out a way to reverse this, could treat sickle disease and anemia

54
Q

Erythroblastosis fetalis

A

Ab-induced hemolytic disease in the newborn
Rh - mother
Rh + fetus
Develops Abs against future Rh+ babies
Destroy fetal blood cells and fetus gets anemia
Treat with anti-D globulin (Rhogam) this masks the antigenic sites on the fetal RBCs

55
Q

Granulocytes

A

Contain primary and secondary granules

56
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Contain only primary granules

57
Q

Diapedesis

A

WBCs leave the bloodstream

58
Q

WBCs

A

granulocytes and agranulocytes
Initiate immune response and defend against pathogens
Nucleus and organelles
1.5-3x larger

59
Q

How WBC enter the tissue

A

Homing mechanism

60
Q

Leukopenia

A

Reduced number circulating WBCs

Can be due to bacterial/viral infection, toxins, leukemia

61
Q

Leukocytosis

A

Elevated WBC count

Can be indicative of dehydration, allergy or infection

62
Q

Chemotaxis

A

WBC attracted to sites of infection by chemical signals

63
Q

3 Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
*phagocytic cells with multi lobed nucleus

64
Q

Neutrophils

A 
Most abundant 60-70%
First on scene
Multi-lobed nucleus - polymorphonuclear
Pale granules
Eliminate opsonized bacteria
Primary granules - elastase and myeloperoxidase
Secondary granules - lysozyme
65
Q

Neutrophil receptors

A

For integrins
ICAM-1 and ICAM-2
Enable the antibacterial and homing function of neutrophils

66
Q

Pt comes in …..blah blah blah……. with bacterial infection most common type of cell?

A

Neutrophil

67
Q

Pt comes in …..blah blah blah……. with parasitic infection most common type of cell?

A

Eosinophil

68
Q

Pt comes in …..blah blah blah……. with hypersensitivity most common type of cell?

A

Basophil

69
Q

Eosinophils

A

Parasitic infections
Reduce severity of allergic runs
Trigger bronchial asthma

70
Q

Basophils

A

Very hard to find
Bilobed-nucleus and abundant blue/violet granules
May leave circulation and resemble mast cell

71
Q

Basophil granules

A

Histamine and heparin

72
Q

Histamine

A

Vasodilation

73
Q

Heparin

A

Anticoagulant

74
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Small primary granules
Round or indented nucleus
Lymphocytes and monocytes

75
Q

Lymphocytes

A 
Most found in lymphatic tissue
20-25% of total WBC
Round nucleus that occupies most of cell
Few days or several years
T and B
76
Q

Monocytes

A

Up to 3x the diameter of RBC
3-8% of all WBC
Kidney shaped nucleus
12 to 100 hours in blood then enter tissue

77
Q

In connective tissue, monocytes

A

Differentiate into Macrophages

78
Q

Platelets

A

Small fragments derived from the megakaryocyte under the control of thrombopoietin (produced in kidneys and liver)
Bind and degrade thrombopoiein, a mechanism that regulates platelet production

79
Q

Platelet - Hemostasis

A

Severe trauma to a blood vessel causes the blood to coagulate or clot.
Components in the plasma produce a web of fibrin that traps RBCs and platelets in the web to halt blood flow

80
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

Reduction in the number of platelets lead to increased susceptibility to bleeding
Purpura
Can be caused by a decrease in the production of platelets, and increase int he destruction of platelets or drugs
-for example, PCN, sulfonamides and digoxin

81
Q

Purpura

A

small reddish-purple blotches

associated with thromboyctopenia

Cardiopulmonary I (34 decks)

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