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Cardiopulmonary I > Erythrocyte - Karius > Flashcards

Erythrocyte - Karius Flashcards

1
Q

Binding of ACh to mAChR causes:

A

Parasympathetic response
Contraction of ciliary muscles of lens
Decrease in heart rate
Bronchial smooth muscle contraction/gland secretion
Digestive - increase motility and secretion
Micturition

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2
Q

Removal of sympathetic tone

A

In parasympathetic - no ACh binding to mAChR
Relaxation of radial muscle of eye
Decreased contractility of ventricular muscle
Vasodilation
-esp. gut, kidney and skin

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3
Q

4 Functions of the blood

A
  1. Deliver requirements for cell metabolism - O2, nutrients
  2. Remove waste products - CO2, metabolites
  3. Homeostasis - hormones, thermoregulation
  4. Immune response
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4
Q

Plasma consists of

A

Electrolytes
Proteins
Small organics
Lipids

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5
Q

Formed elements arise from what type of precursor?

A

Pluripotent stem cell

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6
Q

Formed elements

A

WBCs
RBCs
Platelets

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7
Q

Cyanosis

A

Bluish/dark coloring of the lips and skin

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8
Q

Cyanosis is the result of

A

The presence of Hb in the blood that doesn’t have O2 associated with it

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9
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Producing RBCs in the bone marrow

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10
Q

How does the body determine how many RBCs we need?

A

Senses the amount of O2 getting to our tissues

Sensed in the kidney and liver

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11
Q

HIF

A

Hypoxia inducible factor

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12
Q

Erythropoietin

A

165 AA glycoprotein
JAK2/STAT5
Acts on stem cells - increases differentiation into proerythroblasts

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13
Q

Erythropoietin effect on stem cells

A

Increases differentiation into proerythroblasts
Also increases maturation rate of committed erythrocitic precursors
–prevents apoptosis of erythroid stem cells

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14
Q

Hb molecule

A

4 peptide chains that each contain a heme

Each Hb molecule binds 4 oxygens

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15
Q

HbA

A

Adult Hb
2 alpha chains
2 beta chains

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16
Q

Requirements for adequate erythropoiesis

A

Adequate general nutrition
Iron availability
Vitamin B12, Folic acid

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17
Q

Iron deficiency

A

Microcytic anemia

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18
Q

Vitamin B12

A

Required for normal DNA synthesis

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19
Q

Vitamin B12 deficiency

A

Macrocytic anemia
Intrinsic factor made by stomach
Protects from digestion

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20
Q

Pernicious anemia

A

B12 deficiency

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21
Q

Folate

A

Very heat labile, alcohol ingestion - both can lead to deficiency
Macrocytic anemia

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22
Q

Oxygen capacity

A

The total Amt of O2 that can be carried in our blood assuming every available heme has an oxygen bound to it
1.34 mL O2/g of Hb

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23
Q

How much O2 can one gram of Hb carry

A

1.24 mL

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24
Q

How many grams of Hb per 100mL of blood does normal person have?

A

15g Hb/ mL blood

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25
Q

Oxygen capacity numbers

A

1.34 mL O2/gm Hb x 15 g Hb/dL blood

= 20.1 mL O2/dL blood

26
Q

How do you get oxygen capacity if given Hb conc?

Ex. Hb concentration of 12.1 g/dl blood

A

1.34 mL O2/g Hb x 12.1 g Hb/dL blood

= 16.2 mL O2/dL blood

27
Q

Oxygen content

A

The amount of blood actually being carried in our blood

-not all heme has to have O2 bound

28
Q

% saturation

A

% of available hemes with oxygen bound

29
Q

Oxygen content equation

A

Oxygen capacity x % saturation

30
Q

Pt has sat of 95%, what is oxygen content?

A

20.1 ml O2/dL x 95%

= 19.1 ml O2/dL blood

31
Q

Why does RBC need ATP?

A 
Anaerobic glycolysis
Flexibility for membrane
Ion transport
Maintain iron in Fe2+
Prevent oxidation of Hb
32
Q

Hemolysis

A

Rupture of RBC

33
Q

Phagocytosis of RBC

A

In spleen
Macrophages
Hb - iron recycled, heme broken down to bilirubin

34
Q

Consequences of not having enough ATP

A

Membrane becomes stiff

RBC ‘snags’ in spleen - ruptures

35
Q

Anemia

A

Decreased RBC #

Decreased Hb content

36
Q

Anemia may result from

A

Folate/B12 def
Iron def
BM damage
Kidney damage

37
Q

How does kidney damage result in anemia

A

Loss of erythropoietin

38
Q

Effects of anemia

A

Decreased oxygen capacity and content

Decreased oxygen delivery to tissue

39
Q

How much O2 do we need delivered to tissue

A

250 ml O2/mn

40
Q

What does the heart do if O2 content is decreased due to anemia?

A

Pumps more blood, but puts more strain on heart

41
Q

Oxygen saturation and anemia

A

Unchanged

42
Q

O2 capacity and anemia

A

Reduced

43
Q

O2 content and anemia

A

Reduced

44
Q

Viscosity of blood and anemia

A

Reduced

45
Q

Polycythemia

A

Too many RBCs

More oxygen carrying capacity

46
Q

O2 saturation and polycythemia

A

Unchanged

47
Q

O2 capacity and polycythemia

A

Increased

48
Q

O2 content and polycythemia

A

Increased

49
Q

Viscosity of blood and polycythemia

A

Increased

-workload increased have to push blood through vasculature

50
Q

Secondary polycythemia

A

Too many polycythemia
Bone marrow normal
Responding to low oxygen levels

51
Q

Possible causes of secondary polycythemia

A

Low oxygen from altitude

Lung/heart disease

52
Q

Physiological polycythemia

A

Low O2 due to altitude

53
Q

Primary polycythemia

A

Polycythemia vera

54
Q

Polycythemia vera

A

Too many RBCs

Bone marrow is making RBC when there is no need to

55
Q

A mutation in this can sometimes lead to polycythemia vera

A

In the receptor for thrombopoietin

56
Q

What type of polycythemia is has normal bone marrow?

A

Secondary polycythemia

57
Q

What type of polycythemia has abnormal bone marrow?

A

Primary polycythemia aka Polycythemia vera

58
Q

Which type of polycythemia has the most abnormalities associated with it?

A

Secondary Polycythemia

-heart, lungs, vasculature

59
Q

What normally happens to venous blood when exposed to room air?

A

The % saturation normally increases - the blood will get redder

60
Q

Methemoglobinemia

A

Presence of large amounts of iron in the 3+ sate in the heme

Easily reversed

61
Q

Heme contains iron in what state?

A

Fe2+

Cardiopulmonary I (34 decks)

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