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Cardiopulmonary I > Erythrocyte - Karius > Flashcards

Erythrocyte - Karius Flashcards

1
Q

Binding of ACh to mAChR causes:

A

Parasympathetic response
Contraction of ciliary muscles of lens
Decrease in heart rate
Bronchial smooth muscle contraction/gland secretion
Digestive - increase motility and secretion
Micturition

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2
Q

Removal of sympathetic tone

A

In parasympathetic - no ACh binding to mAChR
Relaxation of radial muscle of eye
Decreased contractility of ventricular muscle
Vasodilation
-esp. gut, kidney and skin

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3
Q

4 Functions of the blood

A
  1. Deliver requirements for cell metabolism - O2, nutrients
  2. Remove waste products - CO2, metabolites
  3. Homeostasis - hormones, thermoregulation
  4. Immune response
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4
Q

Plasma consists of

A

Electrolytes
Proteins
Small organics
Lipids

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5
Q

Formed elements arise from what type of precursor?

A

Pluripotent stem cell

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6
Q

Formed elements

A

WBCs
RBCs
Platelets

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7
Q

Cyanosis

A

Bluish/dark coloring of the lips and skin

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8
Q

Cyanosis is the result of

A

The presence of Hb in the blood that doesn’t have O2 associated with it

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9
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Producing RBCs in the bone marrow

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10
Q

How does the body determine how many RBCs we need?

A

Senses the amount of O2 getting to our tissues

Sensed in the kidney and liver

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11
Q

HIF

A

Hypoxia inducible factor

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12
Q

Erythropoietin

A

165 AA glycoprotein
JAK2/STAT5
Acts on stem cells - increases differentiation into proerythroblasts

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13
Q

Erythropoietin effect on stem cells

A

Increases differentiation into proerythroblasts
Also increases maturation rate of committed erythrocitic precursors
–prevents apoptosis of erythroid stem cells

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14
Q

Hb molecule

A

4 peptide chains that each contain a heme

Each Hb molecule binds 4 oxygens

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15
Q

HbA

A

Adult Hb
2 alpha chains
2 beta chains

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16
Q

Requirements for adequate erythropoiesis

A

Adequate general nutrition
Iron availability
Vitamin B12, Folic acid

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17
Q

Iron deficiency

A

Microcytic anemia

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18
Q

Vitamin B12

A

Required for normal DNA synthesis

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19
Q

Vitamin B12 deficiency

A

Macrocytic anemia
Intrinsic factor made by stomach
Protects from digestion

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20
Q

Pernicious anemia

A

B12 deficiency

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21
Q

Folate

A

Very heat labile, alcohol ingestion - both can lead to deficiency
Macrocytic anemia

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22
Q

Oxygen capacity

A

The total Amt of O2 that can be carried in our blood assuming every available heme has an oxygen bound to it
1.34 mL O2/g of Hb

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23
Q

How much O2 can one gram of Hb carry

A

1.24 mL

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24
Q

How many grams of Hb per 100mL of blood does normal person have?

A

15g Hb/ mL blood

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25
Oxygen capacity numbers
1.34 mL O2/gm Hb x 15 g Hb/dL blood | = 20.1 mL O2/dL blood
26
How do you get oxygen capacity if given Hb conc? | Ex. Hb concentration of 12.1 g/dl blood
1.34 mL O2/g Hb x 12.1 g Hb/dL blood | = 16.2 mL O2/dL blood
27
Oxygen content
The amount of blood actually being carried in our blood | -not all heme has to have O2 bound
28
% saturation
% of available hemes with oxygen bound
29
Oxygen content equation
Oxygen capacity x % saturation
30
Pt has sat of 95%, what is oxygen content?
20.1 ml O2/dL x 95% | = 19.1 ml O2/dL blood
31
Why does RBC need ATP?
``` Anaerobic glycolysis Flexibility for membrane Ion transport Maintain iron in Fe2+ Prevent oxidation of Hb ```
32
Hemolysis
Rupture of RBC
33
Phagocytosis of RBC
In spleen Macrophages Hb - iron recycled, heme broken down to bilirubin
34
Consequences of not having enough ATP
Membrane becomes stiff | RBC 'snags' in spleen - ruptures
35
Anemia
Decreased RBC # | Decreased Hb content
36
Anemia may result from
Folate/B12 def Iron def BM damage Kidney damage
37
How does kidney damage result in anemia
Loss of erythropoietin
38
Effects of anemia
Decreased oxygen capacity and content | Decreased oxygen delivery to tissue
39
How much O2 do we need delivered to tissue
250 ml O2/mn
40
What does the heart do if O2 content is decreased due to anemia?
Pumps more blood, but puts more strain on heart
41
Oxygen saturation and anemia
Unchanged
42
O2 capacity and anemia
Reduced
43
O2 content and anemia
Reduced
44
Viscosity of blood and anemia
Reduced
45
Polycythemia
Too many RBCs | More oxygen carrying capacity
46
O2 saturation and polycythemia
Unchanged
47
O2 capacity and polycythemia
Increased
48
O2 content and polycythemia
Increased
49
Viscosity of blood and polycythemia
Increased | -workload increased have to push blood through vasculature
50
Secondary polycythemia
Too many polycythemia Bone marrow normal Responding to low oxygen levels
51
Possible causes of secondary polycythemia
Low oxygen from altitude | Lung/heart disease
52
Physiological polycythemia
Low O2 due to altitude
53
Primary polycythemia
Polycythemia vera
54
Polycythemia vera
Too many RBCs | Bone marrow is making RBC when there is no need to
55
A mutation in this can sometimes lead to polycythemia vera
In the receptor for thrombopoietin
56
What type of polycythemia is has normal bone marrow?
Secondary polycythemia
57
What type of polycythemia has abnormal bone marrow?
Primary polycythemia aka Polycythemia vera
58
Which type of polycythemia has the most abnormalities associated with it?
Secondary Polycythemia | -heart, lungs, vasculature
59
What normally happens to venous blood when exposed to room air?
The % saturation normally increases - the blood will get redder
60
Methemoglobinemia
Presence of large amounts of iron in the 3+ sate in the heme | Easily reversed
61
Heme contains iron in what state?
Fe2+

Cardiopulmonary I (34 decks)

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