F - Pulmonary Immune Mechanisms - Shnyra

Question 1

Type I and Type II AECs are cellular targets for? These can result in?

Answer 1

Influenza type A - H5N1 avian
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
Can result in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

Question 2

Important cells are

Answer 2

Airway macrophages
Alveolar macrophages
They interact with SP-A, B, C, D

Question 3

What makes SP-A and SP-D special?

Answer 3

Function as PRRs

Increase phagocytosis, antimicrobial activity

Question 4

What 2 cytokines are associated with effector cells? What is their role?

Answer 4

IL-4
IL-13
-work on esp AECs to produce excess mucus and act on airway smooth muscle cels to manifest airway hyperreactivity - characteristic of asthma and COPD

Question 5

What are the anti-inflammatory mechanisms?

Answer 5

Treg cells
Cytokines: IL-10 and TGF-B
Inhibitory receptors: CTLA4 and IL-1Ra

Question 6

What 4 TLRs do viral infections activate? And what are their effects?

Answer 6

TLR 3,7,8,9

• pro-inflammatory cytokines
• recruitment and activation of cells
• activation of adaptive immunity

Question 7

Which TLR is crucial for host response to both extra and intracellular bacteria?

Answer 7

TLR2

Question 8

What type of cell can modify the cytokine milieu in response to TLR signaling?

Answer 8

Alveolar macrophages

Question 9

Characteristics of Alveolar macrophages

Answer 9

Live in lung in airspaces (vs TI and TII AEC's)
2 functional phenotypes
-M1 - pro-inflammatory
-M2 - anti (IL-10 and TGF-B)
Very long lived
Highly adaptive

Question 10

Following the resolution of inflammation what cell type has an increased regulatory level?

Answer 10

Alveolar macrophages

-when compared to naive macrophages

Question 11

What are the characteristics of M2 alveolar macrophages?

Answer 11

Play key role in lung development, homeostasis, tissue remodeling and repair

Question 12

Th1 pathway

Answer 12

IL-12
STAT4
T-bet
IL-2 and IFNy

Question 13

Th2 pathway

Answer 13

IL-4
STAT6
GATA3
IL-4,5,9,11

Question 14

Which Th cell is involved with anti-viral inflammation?

Answer 14

Th1

Question 15

Which Th cells is involved in allergic inflammation?

Answer 15

Th2

Question 16

Th1 and Th2 cells are regulated in what way?

Answer 16

GATA3 (of Th2 cell pathway) inhibits STAT4

T-bet (of Th1 cell pathway) inhibits GATA3

Question 17

Characteristics of Th17 cells

Answer 17

Subset of CD4+ cells
Release IL-17 and IL-17F - act on airway to release CXCL8 (IL-8)
Activation of Th17 cells is triggered by IL-23

Question 18

What is the role of Treg cells in lung homeostasis?

Answer 18

Protect normal airway against inflammation caused by infection and allergy

Question 19

In conditions in which the the control of aggressive Th cells and CTLs by Treg cells is impaired, what is the main consequence?

Answer 19

Tissue damage